Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: The separation of complex nonideal mixtures is a common problem in the process industries. The solvent recovery is an important task for chemical engineers to minimize burden upon the environment due to exhaustive use of solvents. The recovery of the individual components is complicated by the highly nonideal features of these mixtures. The separation of such highly nonideal mixtures can be limited by the presence of azeotropes, which can create distillation boundaries. These distillation boundaries are forming distillation regions which are difficult to overcome with the standard rectification. Distillation systems for these highly nonideal azeotropic mixtures are particularly difficult to design and to operate in an efficient way. In printing companies often four component mixtures of ethanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and water arise as waste. A separation scheme of multicomponent azeotropic distillation is developed and successfully used for a highly nonideal quaternary mixture. The composition of the mixture in mass percent is ethanol 30%, water 20%, ethyl acetate 25% and isopropyl acetate with 20%. The rest of the mixture (5%) consists of n-propane, isopropane, cyclohexane, and etoxypropane. For the further investigation just the quaternary mixture is examined. Generally, every component should be recovered as pure as possible from the mixture. In the mixture namely five binary and two ternary azeotropes are formed by the components. Based on the synthesis procedure proposed by Rev et al. and Mizsey et al. a new separation technology is developed followed up the vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium behavior of the mixture. They have recommended a general framework for designing feasible schemes of multicomponent azeotropic distillation. This procedure recommends to study in detail the vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium data to explore immiscibility regions, azeotropic points, and separatrices for ternary and quaternary regions. On the behalf of the VLLE data the set of feasible separation structures is explored. This procedure is followed and a new separation structure is developed and tested experimentally. First, the quaternary mixture is separated into two ternary mixtures by distillation. The two ternary mixtures containing ethyl acetate, ethanol, water and isopropyl acetate, ethanol, water, respectively. Due to the analogous behavior of the two ternary mixtures similar separation cycles can be designed. The two [...]
Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works, grade: 1, University of Vienna, course: 18th Century Satire and Satirical Literature, language: English, abstract: In this term paper I focus on Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels, first published in 1726, as a political satire, a book rich in its topics and possible interpretations. However, the novel's function as a political satire – which I exemplarily examine in this paper – is one of its most discussed and obvious ones. Thus, I have a close look at whether, why and how the politician Sir Robert Walpole, a contemporary of Jonathan Swift, is – satirically – represented in Gulliver's Travels. In order to fully grasp this issue, I start with a summary and comparison of both Jonathan Swift's and Robert Walpole's (political) backgrounds, beliefs, values and ideas, embedded in the historical context of the early 18th century. Then I continue with a discussion that mainly focuses on the following questions: Does the character Flimnap merely represent Robert Walpole or does it rather stand for politicians in general? What could have been Jonathan Swift's (political) intentions to do so? And, finally: How does satire as such then function in this case?
Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works, grade: 1, University of Vienna, course: Novels of the Nineties, language: English, abstract: The plot of Charles Higson’s novel Getting Rid of Mister Kitchen published in 1996 is fairly straightforward. In the first chapter of the book the protagonist or anti-hero of the novel, who is telling the story at the same time, stabs Mister Kitchen with a candlestick during a quarrel they have while Mister Kitchen is visiting the protagonist to buy his car. In the course of the text the anti-hero desperately tries to get rid of the (more or less) dead body, a task that becomes both his destiny and burden. Whenever the protagonist seems to get one step closer to dispose of Mister Kitchen, he is thrown back at least two steps due to a consistent unfortunate concatenation of events. Finally, all of the protagonist’s bad luck combined with his inability to a make plans that work literally lead to his downfall. It is this ending of the novel that raises the most challenging question since the protagonist’s further fate is up to the respective reader’s interpretation. In addition, the reader does not only never gets to know the narrator’s name, but he/she also does not know his motivation for telling the story. However, these matters basically revolve around the central question whether the protagonist dies or stays alive at or after, respectively, the end of the novel. The main aim of this paper is, therefore, to examine whether the story is or can be told by a dead narrator. This problem will be discussed by means of relating it to and embedding it into a general analysis and description of the novel’s narrative techniques. Since the topic of this paper is narratological in its character and since there is an obvious relation between the subject-matter of this essay and the novel’s narrative situation, this is of crucial importance to fully grasp the issue and to discuss it comprehensively. Thus, this paper is basically divided into two main parts. The first part presents a general overview of the novel’s narrative techniques and particularly focuses on characterisation in the novel and on the reliability of the narrator. In the second part of this essay some readings that either support or oppose the fact that the story is told by a dead or dying narrator are specified. All these interpretations will be based on evidence from and related to the text itself. On the whole, this essay will encourage different approaches to answer the underlying question of this essay, namely whether Charles Higson’s novel Getting Rid of Mister Kitchen features a dead narrator.
Document from the year 2008 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Pedagogy, Literature Studies, grade: 1, University of Vienna, language: English, abstract: This project report presents a genre analysis of CEO statements. The corpus of relevant texts consists of 20 examples, the CEO statements of 3M, Air Berlin, Alcoa, Allianz, Beijer Electronics, Coca Cola, Deutsche Bank, Ericsson, Exxon Mobil, Gerflor, Holcim, Intel, Interamerican, JSE Limited, Nissan, O2, Small Business Technology Institute, Telecom, TNT and T-Rex Corporation. All the texts can be found on the Internet and are taken from the websites of the respective companies. The main focus of this project is a linguistic analysis of the genre CEO statements, whereby a move structure of the genre is identified and lexico-grammatical features are pointed out. Typical text patterns of CEO statements are included in these chapters. Furthermore, this project report contains sections that deal with the description of the analytical process as well as with problems encountered and insights gained. Besides, a context is presented in which this analysis can be applied to a teaching situation.
Essay from the year 2007 in the subject Cultural Studies - Miscellaneous, grade: 1, University of Malta, course: The Maltese National Experience: From Occupation to Statehood, language: English, abstract: The purpose of this essay is to comparatively discuss imperialism and popular culture using Malta as a case study. At first, the concepts of imperialism and popular culture are described and the question whether these two terms are related is introduced. Second, these concepts are applied to Malta, whereby the description of the Mediterranean island’s situation also exemplarily represents the spread of popular culture to huge parts of the world. Third, this essay contains a discussion of the (potential) advantages and disadvantages or opportunities and dangers, respectively that the spread of popular culture throughout the globe (can) bring(s) with it, also focusing on the situation of Malta. Finally, the text summarises the discussion of the issue in how far the increase of popular culture can be seen as imperialistic in its character.
Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Miscellaneous, grade: 2, University of Vienna, language: English, abstract: This seminar paper deals with culture-specific concepts in language and is divided into two parts. The first part aims at providing a comprehensive theoretical summary of the terms ‘culture’ and ‘language’, with a special focus on exploring its interrelation. In addition, this paper explores whether and, if yes, how certain culture-specific concepts can (or cannot) be translated into other languages. The second part largely provides examples of culture-specific concepts in various languages. The linguistic concepts explained and discussed are from various languages, for instance from Russian and Hebrew. However, a special emphasis will be given to English and German.
Inhaltsangabe:Abstract: The separation of complex nonideal mixtures is a common problem in the process industries. The solvent recovery is an important task for chemical engineers to minimize burden upon the environment due to exhaustive use of solvents. The recovery of the individual components is complicated by the highly nonideal features of these mixtures. The separation of such highly nonideal mixtures can be limited by the presence of azeotropes, which can create distillation boundaries. These distillation boundaries are forming distillation regions which are difficult to overcome with the standard rectification. Distillation systems for these highly nonideal azeotropic mixtures are particularly difficult to design and to operate in an efficient way. In printing companies often four component mixtures of ethanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and water arise as waste. A separation scheme of multicomponent azeotropic distillation is developed and successfully used for a highly nonideal quaternary mixture. The composition of the mixture in mass percent is ethanol 30%, water 20%, ethyl acetate 25% and isopropyl acetate with 20%. The rest of the mixture (5%) consists of n-propane, isopropane, cyclohexane, and etoxypropane. For the further investigation just the quaternary mixture is examined. Generally, every component should be recovered as pure as possible from the mixture. In the mixture namely five binary and two ternary azeotropes are formed by the components. Based on the synthesis procedure proposed by Rev et al. and Mizsey et al. a new separation technology is developed followed up the vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium behavior of the mixture. They have recommended a general framework for designing feasible schemes of multicomponent azeotropic distillation. This procedure recommends to study in detail the vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium data to explore immiscibility regions, azeotropic points, and separatrices for ternary and quaternary regions. On the behalf of the VLLE data the set of feasible separation structures is explored. This procedure is followed and a new separation structure is developed and tested experimentally. First, the quaternary mixture is separated into two ternary mixtures by distillation. The two ternary mixtures containing ethyl acetate, ethanol, water and isopropyl acetate, ethanol, water, respectively. Due to the analogous behavior of the two ternary mixtures similar separation cycles can be designed. The two [...]
A huge number of applications require coherent radiation in the visible spectral range. Since diode lasers are very compact and efficient light sources, there exists a great interest to cover these applications with diode laser emission. Despite modern band gap engineering not all wavelengths can be accessed with diode laser radiation. Especially in the visible spectral range between 480 nm and 630 nm no emission from diode lasers is available, yet. Nonlinear frequency conversion of near-infrared radiation is a common way to generate coherent emission in the visible spectral range. However, radiation with extraordinary spatial temporal and spectral quality is required to pump frequency conversion. Broad area (BA) diode lasers are reliable high power light sources in the near-infrared spectral range. They belong to the most efficient coherent light sources with electro-optical efficiencies of more than 70%. Standard BA lasers are not suitable as pump lasers for frequency conversion because of their poor beam quality and spectral properties. For this purpose, tapered lasers and diode lasers with Bragg gratings are utilized. However, these new diode laser structures demand for additional manufacturing and assembling steps that makes their processing challenging and expensive. An alternative to BA diode lasers is the stripe-array architecture. The emitting area of a stripe-array diode laser is comparable to a BA device and the manufacturing of these arrays requires only one additional process step. Such a stripe-array consists of several narrow striped emitters realized with close proximity. Due to the overlap of the fields of neighboring emitters or the presence of leaky waves, a strong coupling between the emitters exists. As a consequence, the emission of such an array is characterized by a so called supermode. However, for the free running stripe-array mode competition between several supermodes occurs because of the lack of wavelength stabilization. This leads to power fluctuations, spectral instabilities and poor beam quality. Thus, it was necessary to study the emission properties of those stripe-arrays to find new concepts to realize an external synchronization of the emitters. The aim was to achieve stable longitudinal and transversal single mode operation with high output powers giving a brightness sufficient for efficient nonlinear frequency conversion. For this purpose a comprehensive analysis of the stripe-array devices was done here. The physical effects that are the origin of the emission characteristics were investigated theoretically and experimentally. In this context numerical models could be verified and extended. A good agreement between simulation and experiment was observed. One way to stabilize a specific supermode of an array is to operate it in an external cavity. Based on mathematical simulations and experimental work, it was possible to design novel external cavities to select a specific supermode and stabilize all emitters of the array at the same wavelength. This resulted in stable emission with 1 W output power, a narrow bandwidth in the range of 2 MHz and a very good beam quality with M²<1.5. This is a new level of brightness and brilliance compared to other BA and stripe-array diode laser systems. The emission from this external cavity diode laser (ECDL) satisfied the requirements for nonlinear frequency conversion. Furthermore, a huge improvement to existing concepts was made. In the next step newly available periodically poled crystals were used for second harmonic generation (SHG) in single pass setups. With the stripe-array ECDL as pump source, more than 140 mW of coherent radiation at 488 nm could be generated with a very high opto-optical conversion efficiency. The generated blue light had very good transversal and longitudinal properties and could be used to generate biphotons by parametric down-conversion. This was feasible because of the improvement made with the infrared stripe-array diode lasers due to the development of new physical concepts.
This book analyzes the causes of five dilemmas that are shaping European integration— populism, migration, the Euro, Brexit, and enlargement. While critical of the responses of European Union actors in handling these crises, the author outlines avenues which might avoid the potential collapse of Europe.
Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works, grade: 1, University of Vienna, course: Novels of the Nineties, language: English, abstract: The plot of Charles Higson’s novel Getting Rid of Mister Kitchen published in 1996 is fairly straightforward. In the first chapter of the book the protagonist or anti-hero of the novel, who is telling the story at the same time, stabs Mister Kitchen with a candlestick during a quarrel they have while Mister Kitchen is visiting the protagonist to buy his car. In the course of the text the anti-hero desperately tries to get rid of the (more or less) dead body, a task that becomes both his destiny and burden. Whenever the protagonist seems to get one step closer to dispose of Mister Kitchen, he is thrown back at least two steps due to a consistent unfortunate concatenation of events. Finally, all of the protagonist’s bad luck combined with his inability to a make plans that work literally lead to his downfall. It is this ending of the novel that raises the most challenging question since the protagonist’s further fate is up to the respective reader’s interpretation. In addition, the reader does not only never gets to know the narrator’s name, but he/she also does not know his motivation for telling the story. However, these matters basically revolve around the central question whether the protagonist dies or stays alive at or after, respectively, the end of the novel. The main aim of this paper is, therefore, to examine whether the story is or can be told by a dead narrator. This problem will be discussed by means of relating it to and embedding it into a general analysis and description of the novel’s narrative techniques. Since the topic of this paper is narratological in its character and since there is an obvious relation between the subject-matter of this essay and the novel’s narrative situation, this is of crucial importance to fully grasp the issue and to discuss it comprehensively. Thus, this paper is basically divided into two main parts. The first part presents a general overview of the novel’s narrative techniques and particularly focuses on characterisation in the novel and on the reliability of the narrator. In the second part of this essay some readings that either support or oppose the fact that the story is told by a dead or dying narrator are specified. All these interpretations will be based on evidence from and related to the text itself. On the whole, this essay will encourage different approaches to answer the underlying question of this essay, namely whether Charles Higson’s novel Getting Rid of Mister Kitchen features a dead narrator.
The U.S.-Mexico border is the busiest in the world, the longest and most dramatic meeting point of a rich and poor country, and the site of intense confrontation between law enforcement and law evasion. Border control has changed in recent years from a low-maintenance and politically marginal activity to an intensive campaign focusing on drugs and migrant labor. Yet the unprecedented buildup of border policing has taken place in an era otherwise defined by the opening of the border, most notably through NAFTA. This contrast creates a borderless economy with a barricaded border. In the updated and expanded second edition of his essential book on policing the U.S.-Mexico border, Peter Andreas places the continued sharp escalation of border policing in the context of a transformed post-September 11 security environment. As Andreas demonstrates, in some ways it is still the same old border game but more difficult to manage, with more players, played out on a bigger stage, and with higher stakes and collateral damage.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Smart Graphics, SG 2004, held in Banff, Canada in May 2004. The 10 revised full papers and 8 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected for presentation. The papers address smart graphics issues from the points of view of computer graphics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and fine art; they are organized in topical sections on virtual characters and environments, tangible and hybrid interfaces, and graphical interfaces.
America is a smuggler nation. Our long history of illicit imports has ranged from West Indies molasses and Dutch gunpowder in the 18th century, to British industrial technologies and African slaves in the 19th century, to French condoms and Canadian booze in the early 20th century, to Mexican workers and Colombian cocaine in the modern era. Contraband capitalism, it turns out, has been an integral part of American capitalism. Providing a sweeping narrative history from colonial times to the present, Smuggler Nation is the first book to retell the story of America--and of its engagement with its neighbors and the rest of the world--as a series of highly contentious battles over clandestine commerce. As Peter Andreas demonstrates in this provocative and fascinating account, smuggling has played a pivotal and too often overlooked role in America's birth, westward expansion, and economic development, while anti-smuggling campaigns have dramatically enhanced the federal government's policing powers. The great irony, Andreas tells us, is that a country that was born and grew up through smuggling is today the world's leading anti-smuggling crusader. In tracing America's long and often tortuous relationship with the murky underworld of smuggling, Andreas provides a much-needed antidote to today's hyperbolic depictions of out-of-control borders and growing global crime threats. Urgent calls by politicians and pundits to regain control of the nation's borders suffer from a severe case of historical amnesia, nostalgically implying that they were ever actually under control. This is pure mythology, says Andreas. For better and for worse, America's borders have always been highly porous. Far from being a new and unprecedented danger to America, the illicit underside of globalization is actually an old American tradition. As Andreas shows, it goes back not just decades but centuries. And its impact has been decidedly double-edged, not only subverting U.S. laws but also helping to fuel America's evolution from a remote British colony to the world's pre-eminent superpower.
In Strategies of Compliance with the European Court of Human Rights, Andreas von Staden looks at the nature of human rights challenges in two enduring liberal democracies—Germany and the United Kingdom. Employing an ambitious data set that covers the compliance status of all European Court of Human Rights judgments rendered until 2015, von Staden presents a cross-national overview of compliance that illustrates a strong correlation between the quality of a country's democracy and the rate at which judgments have met compliance. Tracing the impact of violations in Germany and the United Kingdom specifically, he details how governments, legislators, and domestic judges responded to the court's demands for either financial compensation or changes to laws, policies, and practices. Framing his analysis in the context of the long-standing international relations debate between rationalists who argue that actions are dictated by an actor's preferences and cost-benefit calculations, and constructivists, who emphasize the influence of norms on behavior, von Staden argues that the question of whether to comply with a judgment needs to be analyzed separately from the question of how to comply. According to von Staden, constructivist reasoning best explains why Germany and the United Kingdom are motivated to comply with the European Court of Human Rights judgments, while rationalist reasoning in most cases accounts for how these countries bring their laws, policies, and practices into sufficient compliance for their cases to be closed. When complying with adverse decisions while also exploiting all available options to minimize their domestic impact, liberal democracies are thus both norm-abiding and rational-instrumentalist at the same time—in other words, they choose their compliance strategies rationally within the normative constraint of having to comply with the Court's judgments.
This textbook reviews and systematically presents the use of the Internet in public administration and politics. Further, it employs a process-oriented layer model to define the opportunities for exchange and participation for all stakeholder groups, covering the following topics: eAssistance, eProcurement, eService, eContracting, eSettlement, eCollaboration, eDemocracy, and eCommunity. In turn, real-world case studies demonstrate the practical applications in industry, administration and research. The second edition of this book has been completely revised and extended, and includes several new case studies. It offers a valuable asset for students in Business, Economics and Political Sciences courses, as well as practitioners interested in emerging opportunities for digital exchange and participation in the knowledge society.
Iris Biometrics: From Segmentation to Template Security provides critical analysis, challenges and solutions on recent iris biometric research topics, including image segmentation, image compression, watermarking, advanced comparators, template protection and more. Open source software is also provided on a dedicated website which includes feature extraction, segmentation and matching schemes applied in this book to foster scientific exchange. Current state-of-the-art approaches accompanied by comprehensive experimental evaluations are presented as well. This book has been designed as a secondary text book or reference for researchers and advanced-level students in computer science and electrical engineering. Professionals working in this related field will also find this book useful as a reference.
The Hanoverian succession of 1714 brought about a 123-year union between Britain and the German electorate of Hanover, ushering in a distinct new period in British history. Under the four Georges and William IV Britain became arguably the most powerful nation in the world with a growing colonial Empire, a muscular economy and an effervescent artistic, social and scientific culture. And yet history has not tended to be kind to the Hanoverians, frequently portraying them as petty-minded and boring monarchs presiding over a dull and inconsequential court, merely the puppets of parliament and powerful ministers. In order both to explain and to challenge such a paradox, this collection looks afresh at the Georgian monarchs and their role, influence and legacy within Britain, Hanover and beyond. Concentrating on the self-representation and the perception of the Hanoverians in their various dominions, each chapter shines new light on important topics: from rivalling concepts of monarchical legitimacy and court culture during the eighteenth century to the multi-confessional set-up of the British composite monarchy and the role of social groups such as the military, the Anglican Church and the aristocracy in defining and challenging the political order. As a result, the volume uncovers a clearly defined new style of Hanoverian kingship, one that emphasized the Protestantism of the dynasty, laid great store by rational government in close collaboration with traditional political powers, embraced army and navy to an unheard of extent and projected this image to audiences on the British Isles, in the German territories and in the colonies alike. Three hundred years after the succession of the first Hanoverian king, an intriguing new perspective of a dynasty emerges, challenging long held assumptions and prejudices.
In Killer High, Peter Andreas tells the story of war from antiquity to the modern age through the lens of six psychoactive drugs: alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, opium, amphetamines, and cocaine. Armed conflict has become progressively more "drugged" with the global spread of these mind-altering substances. From ancient brews and battles to meth and modern warfare, drugs and war have grown up together and become addicted to each other. By looking back not just years and decades but centuries, Andreas reveals that the drugs-conflict nexus is actually an old story, and that powerful states have been its biggest beneficiaries.
This book explores the relationship between democracy and republicanism, and its consequences, and articulates new theoretical insights into connections between liberty, law and democratic politics. Contributors include Philip Pettit, John Ferejohn, Raine
The increasing international mobility of capital, firms and consumers has begun to constrain tax policies in most OECD countries, playing a major role in reforming national tax systems. Haufler uses the theory of international taxation to consider the fundamental forces underlying this process, covering both factor and commodity taxes, as well as their interaction. Topics include a variety of different international tax avoidance strategies - capital flight, profit shifting in multinational firms, and cross-border shopping by consumers. Situations in which tax competition creates conflicting interests between countries are given particular consideration. Haufler addresses the complex issue of coordination in different areas of tax policy, with special emphasis on regional tax harmonization in the European Union. Also included is a detailed introduction to recent theoretical literature.
Rising temperatures and the rise of the far right. What disasters happen when they meet? In the first study of the far right’s role in the climate crisis, White Skin, Black Fuel presents an eye-opening sweep of a novel political constellation, revealing its deep historical roots. Fossil-fuelled technologies were born steeped in racism. No one loved them more passionately than the classical fascists. Now right-wing forces have risen to the surface, some professing to have the solution—closing borders to save the nation as the climate breaks down. Epic and riveting, White Skin, Black Fuel traces a future of political fronts that can only heat up.
Although synthetic fullerenes have only been around for a few years, there are thousands of scientific articles dealing with them. This is the first monograph in the field and thus represents a vital source of information summarizing the most important and fundamental aspects of the organic and organometallic chemistry of the fullerenes. The book is logically arranged so that information is easy to retrieve, and the style lends itself to effortless reading and to learning more about the chemical properties of a family of molecules that constitute new building blocks for novel architectures in the ever-expanding universe of synthetic chemistry. Belongs on the shelves of university libraries as well as those of chemists interested in the art and science of structure and property manipulation by synthesis.
Das klassische Lehrbuch wurde überarbeitet und aktualisiert; mehr als 40 Prozent des Inhalts ist neu! Beibehalten wurde das bewährte Ordnungsschema (nach der Ringgröße); neue Kapitel befassen sich mit kondensierten Heterocyclen und speziellen Fragen der Nomenklatur. Enthält knapp 1000 neu aufgenommene Literaturhinweise.
Adaptive Resonance Theory Microchips describes circuit strategies resulting in efficient and functional adaptive resonance theory (ART) hardware systems. While ART algorithms have been developed in software by their creators, this is the first book that addresses efficient VLSI design of ART systems. All systems described in the book have been designed and fabricated (or are nearing completion) as VLSI microchips in anticipation of the impending proliferation of ART applications to autonomous intelligent systems. To accommodate these systems, the book not only provides circuit design techniques, but also validates them through experimental measurements. The book also includes a chapter tutorially describing four ART architectures (ART1, ARTMAP, Fuzzy-ART and Fuzzy-ARTMAP) while providing easily understandable MATLAB code examples to implement these four algorithms in software. In addition, an entire chapter is devoted to other potential applications for real-time data clustering and category learning.
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