Mit Erfindung der Schrift entstand gleichzeitig der Bedarf, Geschriebenes vor unbefugten Lesern zu verbergen. Als Wissenschaft im modernen Sinne ist die Kryptographie jedoch noch sehr jung. 1994 erfanden Naor und Shamir folgendes Verfahren: Sie verteilten ein Bild so auf zwei Folien, dass auf jeder einzelnen Folie nur ein zufälliges Punktmuster zu sehen ist, aber beide Folien übereinander gelegt ein geheimes Bild ergeben. Das Buch gibt einen Einblick in die aktuelle Forschung, verzichtet aber bewusst auf Höhere Mathematik. Daher eine ideale Grundlage für Proseminare und Mathematik-AGs der Sekundarstufe. Plus: Aufgaben mit Musterlösungen.
In cryptography, ciphers is the technical term for encryption and decryption algorithms. They are an important sub-family that features high speed and easy implementation and are an essential part of wireless internet and mobile phones. Unlike block ciphers, stream ciphers work on single bits or single words and need to maintain an internal state to change the cipher at each step. Typically stream ciphers can reach higher speeds than block ciphers but they can be more vulnerable to attack. Here, mathematics comes into play. Number theory, algebra and statistics are the key to a better understanding of stream ciphers and essential for an informed decision on their safety. Since the theory is less developed, stream ciphers are often skipped in books on cryptography. This book fills this gap. It covers the mathematics of stream ciphers and its history, and also discusses many modern examples and their robustness against attacks. Part I covers linear feedback shift registers, non-linear combinations of LFSRs, algebraic attacks and irregular clocked shift registers. Part II studies some special ciphers including the security of mobile phones, RC4 and related ciphers, the eStream project and the blum-blum-shub generator and related ciphers. Stream Ciphers requires basic knowledge of algebra and linear algebra, combinatorics and probability theory and programming. Appendices in Part III help the reader with the more complicated subjects and provides the mathematical background needed. It covers, for example, complexity, number theory, finite fields, statistics, combinatorics. Stream Ciphers concludes with exercises and solutions and is directed towards advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics and computer science.
Astronomy as well as molecular physics describe non-relativistic motion by an interaction of the same form: By Newton's respectively by Coulomb's potential. But whereas the fundamental laws of motion thus have a simple form, the n-body problem withstood (for n > 2) all attempts of an explicit solution. Indeed, the studies of Poincare at the end of the last century lead to the conclusion that such an explicit solution should be impossible. Poincare himselfopened a new epoch for rational mechanics by asking qual itative questions like the one about the stability of the solar system. To a largeextent, his work, which was critical for the formation of differential geometry and topology, was motivated by problems arising in the analysis of the n-body problem ([38], p. 183). As it turned out, even by confining oneselfto questions ofqualitativenature, the general n-body problem could not be solved. Rather, simplified models were treated, like planar motion or the restricted 3-body problem, where the motion of a test particle did not influence the other two bodies.
Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: A, University of Bradford, course: MBA, language: English, abstract: Terms of Reference This marketing plan for the BMW 1-series aims to outline and analyse the market environment in Germany. Also, an evaluation of the strategic and operational orientation as well as the strength and weaknesses of the product should be given. Based on this, recommendations for the future direction and implementation of the marketing-mix will be given. Executive Summary In the competitive compact segment (short: C-segment) with increasingly demanding customers, BMW with its newly launched product clearly builds on its premium image as a sports car manufacturer. Although this is generally a good strategy, certain parts of the marketing mix need to be adjusted. Especially the high price of the product in comparison with its competitors is a potential problem. The following suggestions can be given to successfully built up a sustainable leading position in this segment, which is very important in terms of Customer-Lifetime-Value (CLV): - Reduction of quality problems - New technology development through increased R&D measures - Increased promotional measures focused on the target group - Strengthening of the dealer relationship - Development of new distribution channels
Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: 2, University of Applied Sciences Essen, course: International Management, language: English, abstract: Introduction In recent years, a growing economic importance of services especially in western countries could be observed. This increasing importance of the service sector will continue. It is predicted that a positive balance of additional employment in the next years will only be reached in the service sector. One practical example for the growing importance of services is the European aviation industry. Formerly exclusively dominated by a small number of state-aided airlines, the liberalisation of the industry during the 1990s’ was the starting point for a new era in the aviation industry. The airlines had to face competition and an innovative new sector developed itself to meet the customer needs by offering flights for affordable prices. In 2010 it is expected that the share of low fare air traffic in Europe will reach over 40%. The no-frills-concept of low fare airlines also generated new demand. In 2002 59% of the passengers of low fare airlines would not have travelled by air if the cheap tickets would not have been available. Goals of this study and Approach This study will describe the special characteristics of services and the requirements for marketing activities in the service sector compared to other areas. Thereby, special attention will be paid to low fare airlines, which have contributed to the increasing importance of the service sector in general and the aviation service sector in particular due to the reasons already mentioned. Firstly, the required terms in the context of service marketing will be described and different theoretical approaches will be presented. Several possibilities to define the main terms in the context of this case study will be given. Secondly, the special requirements of service marketing will be shown and compared to the marketing of products. Thirdly, the history and current situation of the low fare airline business will be shown and explained. Afterwards, the special challenges in the marketing of low fare airlines will be discussed. Solutions and possible approaches for a successful marketing of low fare airlines will be presented. The main focus will be on the expansion of the classical marketing mix, i.e. the 3 P people, physical facilities and process management. Finally, a brief outlook will be given which describes possible future developments and highlights several important fields, to which companies should pay attention.
Essay from the year 2006 in the subject Business economics - Offline Marketing and Online Marketing, grade: A, University of Bradford, course: MBA, language: English, abstract: Two questions are covered by this paper: 2 a) Compare and contrast the models of perfect competition and monopoly. (50%) 2 b) “Monopoly profits are essential for higher innovation rates and future economic growth.” Evaluate this statement. (50%)
Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject Business economics - Miscellaneous, grade: A, University of Bradford (School of Management), course: Strategic Financial Management, language: English, abstract: The valuation of a company is fundamental for financial and strategic decision making. One of the first structured approaches to assess the value of a company was the so-called Shareholder Value Analysis developed by Rappaport (1986). Heidentified value drivers in three different areas, namely Finance, Investment and Business. The theory says that improvement of these value drivers leads directly to an increase in shareholder value (Spencer and Francis 1998). In this assignment, the company to be evaluated, namely adidas, will be presented and then analysed concerning the value delivery in recent years. After that, different methods of company valuation will be explained and applied to adidas. The assignment will finish with a critical appraisal of the findings.
Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Business economics - Business Management, Corporate Governance, grade: A, University of Bradford, course: MBA, language: English, abstract: In this assignment, the statement ‘Managers should be leaders and leaders should be managers’ will be critically discussed. First of all, both terms will be introduced and explained. Afterwards, the mentioned statement will be discussed. The assignment will end with a conclusion and a brief overview about related issues and how the findings will affect on organizations.
Essay from the year 2006 in the subject Leadership and Human Resources - Miscellaneous, grade: A, University of Bradford, course: MBA, language: English, abstract: This paper provides a critical review of Taylor, P., Bain, P. (2005). ‘”India calling to the far away towns”: the call centre labour process and globalization’, Work, employment and society, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 261-282.
Combining classical scenario thinking (the gentle art of perception) with the analytical power of big data and artificial intelligence, Real Time Strategy presents the decision making of the future which enables decision makers to develop dynamic strategies, monitor their validity, and react faster.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) belongs to the class of transparent conducting oxides that can be used as transparent electrodes in electronic devices or heated windows. In this book the material properties of, the deposition technologies for, and applications of zinc oxide in thin film solar cells are described in a comprehensive manner. Structural, morphological, optical and electronic properties of ZnO are treated in this review.
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