Organic Trace Analysis" presents the basics of trace analysis, from sample preparation to the measurement: Students are introduced to statistical evaluation, quality control technologies, sampling and preparation of organic traces, as well as to enrichment and separation of samples. Spectroscopic techniques as chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and receptor-based bioanalysis are presented in detail.
Microfluidic technology is revolutionising a number of scientific fields, including chemistry, biology, diagnostics, and engineering. The ability to manipulate fluids and objects within networks of micrometre-scale channels allows reductions in processing and analysis times, reagent and sample consumption, and waste production, whilst allowing fine control and monitoring of chemical or biological processes. The integration of multiple components and processes enable “lab-on-a-chip” devices and “micro total analysis systems” that have applications ranging from analytical chemistry, organic synthesis, and clinical diagnostics to cell biology and tissue engineering. This concise, easy-to-read book is perfectly suited for instructing newcomers on the most relevant and important aspects of this exciting and dynamic field, particularly undergraduate and postgraduate students embarking on new studies, or for those simply interested in learning about this widely applicable technology. Written by a team with more than 20 years of experience in microfluidics research and teaching, the book covers a range of topics and techniques including fundamentals (e.g. scaling laws and flow effects), microfabrication and materials, standard operations (e.g. flow control, detection methods) and applications. Furthermore, it includes questions and answers that provide for the needs of students and teachers in the area.
Downsizing of modern gasoline engines with direct injection is a key concept for achieving future CO22 emission targets. However, high power densities and optimum efficiency are limited by an uncontrolled autoignition of the unburned air-fuel mixture, the so-called spark knock phenomena. By a combination of three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (3D-CFD) and experiments incorporating optical diagnostics, this work presents an integral approach for predicting combustion and autoignition in Spark Ignition (SI) engines. The turbulent premixed combustion and flame front propagation in 3D-CFD is modeled with the G-equation combustion model, i.e. a laminar flamelet approach, in combination with the level set method. Autoignition in the unburned gas zone is modeled with the Shell model based on reduced chemical reactions using optimized reaction rate coefficients for different octane numbers (ON) as well as engine relevant pressures, temperatures and EGR rates. The basic functionality and sensitivities of improved sub-models, e.g. laminar flame speed, are proven in simplified test cases followed by adequate engine test cases. It is shown that the G-equation combustion model performs well even on unstructured grids with polyhedral cells and coarse grid resolution. The validation of the knock model with respect to temporal and spatial knock onset is done with fiber optical spark plug measurements and statistical evaluation of individual knocking cycles with a frequency based pressure analysis. The results show a good correlation with the Shell autoignition relevant species in the simulation. The combined model approach with G-equation and Shell autoignition in an active formulation enables a realistic representation of thin flame fronts and hence the thermodynamic conditions prior to knocking by taking into account the ignition chemistry in unburned gas, temperature fluctuations and self-acceleration effects due to pre-reactions. By the modeling approach and simulation methodology presented in this work the overall predictive capability for the virtual development of future knockproof SI engines is improved.
Antoni Tapies, Spain's greatest living artist, is a leading exponent of "matter" painting, a style characterized by encrusted layers of paint that create an effect of solid relief. His best-known works resemble sections of weathered wall, textured with the traces of time and human endeavor. This highly concrete, starkly immediate art reflects the artist's profound humanitarian concerns and continues the tradition of realism and solemn mysticism that has been characteristic of Spanish art through the centuries." "Featuring high-quality reproductions of major works from all phases of the artist's career, this book traces the development of Tapies's art from the drawings of the 1940's, when he was forced by a potentially fatal disease to spend a long period in sanatoria, to the first "wall" paintings of the mid-1950's, from the assemblages of the 1970's to the fire-clay sculptures of recent years. A number of his latest paintings are discussed and illustrated. The author shows how the artist's intensely personal imagery is intimately related to his intellectual and political experiences. Throughout his career Tapies has been an advocate of freedom for his native Catalonia and, during the Franco dictatorship, was an outspoken champion of human liberty. Such concerns have caused the artist to avoid pure abstraction, whether by virtue of references to the visible world in his works or by the sheer force of their material presence." "Tapies has drawn inspiration from a wide variety of sources: the art of Joan Miro and Paul Klee, of Surrealism and Far Eastern calligraphy have played as formative a role as have the music of Richard Wagner and the philosophy of Hegel, Jean-Paul Sartre, and the Far East. He has absorbed these influences to fashion an art of confession, of manifestos and appeals, homages and protests. This overview of an oeuvre marked by the greatest personal and artistic integrity is completed by biographical notes and an extensive bibliography."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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