This chapter reviews the significant advances in photodetectors that have occurred since Optical Fiber Telecommunications V. The quests for higher speed p-i-n detectors and lower noise avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with high gain-bandwidth product remain. To a great extent, high-speed structures have coalesced to evanescently coupled waveguide devices; bandwidths exceeding 140GHz have been reported. A primary APD breakthrough has been the development of Ge on Si separate-absorption-and-multiplication devices that achieve long-wavelength response with the low-noise behavior of Si. For III–V compound APDs ultra-low noise has been achieved by strategic use of complex multilayer multiplication regions that provide more deterministic impact ionization. However, much of the excitement and innovation have focused on photodiodes that can be incorporated into InP-based integrated circuits and photodetectors for Si photonics.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Stochastic Algorithms: Foundations and Applications, SAGA 2003, held in Hatfield, UK in September 2003. The 12 revised full papers presented together with three invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. Among the topics addressed are ant colony optimization, randomized algorithms for the intersection problem, local search for constraint satisfaction problems, randomized local search and combinatorial optimization, simulated annealing, probabilistic global search, network communication complexity, open shop scheduling, aircraft routing, traffic control, randomized straight-line programs, and stochastic automata and probabilistic transformations.
The book gives a comprehensive review of the present state-of-the-art in ZnO R+D, including growth, doping, lattice dynamics, electric magnetic and optical properties. The emphasis is on the electric and optical properties, because this is the area where novel applications may be expected with highest promise. The book highlights not only the most recent results but gives both an overview of past research and of the present status -- not avoiding critical and controversial discussions of various aspects such as bank symmetries and laser processes. Intended to have long-lasting impact on ZnO R+D, this monograph addresses (post-)graduate students but also advanced scientists, who want to embark on ZnO research or are already involved, the present state of the art and assists them in avoiding duplication of old results (or mistakes).
This work is a contribution to understanding multi-object traffic scenes from video sequences. All data is provided by a camera system which is mounted on top of the autonomous driving platform AnnieWAY. The proposed probabilistic generative model reasons jointly about the 3D scene layout as well as the 3D location and orientation of objects in the scene. In particular, the scene topology, geometry as well as traffic activities are inferred from short video sequences.
The nervous system is particularly fascinating for many biologists because it controls animal characteristics such as movement, behavior, and coordinated thinking. Invertebrate neurobiology has traditionally been studied in specific model organisms, whilst knowledge of the broad diversity of nervous system architecture and its evolution among metazoan animals has received less attention. This is the first major reference work in the field for 50 years, bringing together many leading evolutionary neurobiologists to review the most recent research on the structure of invertebrate nervous systems and provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview for a new generation of researchers. Presented in full colour throughout, Structure and Evolution of Invertebrate Nervous Systems synthesizes and illustrates the numerous new findings that have been made possible with light and electron microscopy. These include the recent introduction of new molecular and optical techniques such as immunohistochemical staining of neuron-specific antigens and fluorescence in-situ-hybridization, combined with visualization by confocal laser scanning microscopy. New approaches to analysing the structure of the nervous system are also included such as micro-computational tomography, cryo-soft X-ray tomography, and various 3-D visualization techniques. The book follows a systematic and phylogenetic structure, covering a broad range of taxa, interspersed with chapters focusing on selected topics in nervous system functioning which are presented as research highlights and perspectives. This comprehensive reference work will be an essential companion for graduate students and researchers alike in the fields of metazoan neurobiology, morphology, zoology, phylogeny and evolution.
This chapter reviews the significant advances in photodetectors that have occurred since Optical Fiber Telecommunications V. The quests for higher speed p-i-n detectors and lower noise avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with high gain-bandwidth product remain. To a great extent, high-speed structures have coalesced to evanescently coupled waveguide devices; bandwidths exceeding 140GHz have been reported. A primary APD breakthrough has been the development of Ge on Si separate-absorption-and-multiplication devices that achieve long-wavelength response with the low-noise behavior of Si. For III–V compound APDs ultra-low noise has been achieved by strategic use of complex multilayer multiplication regions that provide more deterministic impact ionization. However, much of the excitement and innovation have focused on photodiodes that can be incorporated into InP-based integrated circuits and photodetectors for Si photonics.
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