This book deals with a hard problem that is inherent to human language: ambiguity. In particular, we focus on author name ambiguity, a type of ambiguity that exists in digital bibliographic repositories, which occurs when an author publishes works under distinct names or distinct authors publish works under similar names. This problem may be caused by a number of reasons, including the lack of standards and common practices, and the decentralized generation of bibliographic content. As a consequence, the quality of the main services of digital bibliographic repositories such as search, browsing, and recommendation may be severely affected by author name ambiguity. The focal point of the book is on automatic methods, since manual solutions do not scale to the size of the current repositories or the speed in which they are updated. Accordingly, we provide an ample view on the problem of automatic disambiguation of author names, summarizing the results of more than a decade of research on this topic conducted by our group, which were reported in more than a dozen publications that received over 900 citations so far, according to Google Scholar. We start by discussing its motivational issues (Chapter 1). Next, we formally define the author name disambiguation task (Chapter 2) and use this formalization to provide a brief, taxonomically organized, overview of the literature on the topic (Chapter 3). We then organize, summarize and integrate the efforts of our own group on developing solutions for the problem that have historically produced state-of-the-art (by the time of their proposals) results in terms of the quality of the disambiguation results. Thus, Chapter 4 covers HHC - Heuristic-based Clustering, an author name disambiguation method that is based on two specific real-world assumptions regarding scientific authorship. Then, Chapter 5 describes SAND - Self-training Author Name Disambiguator and Chapter 6 presents two incremental author name disambiguation methods, namely INDi - Incremental Unsupervised Name Disambiguation and INC- Incremental Nearest Cluster. Finally, Chapter 7 provides an overview of recent author name disambiguation methods that address new specific approaches such as graph-based representations, alternative predefined similarity functions, visualization facilities and approaches based on artificial neural networks. The chapters are followed by three appendices that cover, respectively: (i) a pattern matching function for comparing proper names and used by some of the methods addressed in this book; (ii) a tool for generating synthetic collections of citation records for distinct experimental tasks; and (iii) a number of datasets commonly used to evaluate author name disambiguation methods. In summary, the book organizes a large body of knowledge and work in the area of author name disambiguation in the last decade, hoping to consolidate a solid basis for future developments in the field.
For catalytic practitioners who are concerned with laboratory studies of reaction mechanisins, as often as not catalyst deactivation is· treated as a nuisance to be ignored or factored out of the experimental results. How ever, the engineer concerned with the design and opera tion of real catalysts and processes cannot afford this luxury: for him deactivation and the need for regenera tion are inevitable facts of life which need to be treated as quantified design parameters. The first chapter in this volume by Prof. J. B. Butt deals with catalyst deactivation and regeneration as processes in their own right, and shows how they are to be approached from kinetic and design points of view. Catalytic olefin polymerization spans a very wide field in catalytic process chemistry and technology. Processes of this sort range from the generation of high volume products such as polyethylene and polypropylene, through more specialized commercial products, to con versions that still remain laboratory curiosities. The reaction chemistry is, in detail, often very complex. However, because of the insight provided by organo metallic reaction chemistry, many of the polymerization mechanisms are reasonably well understood, and the way in which product stereospecificity may be obtained is also understood in considerable detail. This highly complex subject is reviewed in detail in the second chapter of this volume by Prof. I. Pasquon and Dr. G. Giannini.
Obtain the best outcomes from the latest techniques with help from a "who's who" of orthopaedic trauma experts. The updated edition of Skeletal Trauma: Basic Science, Management, and Reconstruction is dedicated to conveying today's most comprehensive information on the basic science, diagnosis, and treatment of acute musculoskeletal injuries and post-traumatic reconstructive problems. You'll be equipped with all of the knowledge needed to manage any type of traumatic injury in adults. Confidently approach every form of traumatic injury with current coverage of relevant anatomy and biomechanics, mechanisms of injury, diagnostic approaches, treatment options, and associated complications. Access critical information concerning mass casualty incidents and war injuries. Sixteen active-duty military surgeons and physicians from various branches of the U.S. Military have collaborated with civilian authors to address injuries caused by road traffic, armed conflicts, civil wars, and insurgencies throughout the world. Learn from many brand-new chapters including Principles of Internal Fixation; Gunshot Wounds and Blast Injuries; New Concepts in Management of Thoracolumbar Fractures; Surgical Treatment of Acetabular Fractures; Diaphyseal Fractures of the Forearm; Fractures of the Distal Femur; Tibial Plateau Fractures; and Amputations in Trauma. Take advantage of guidance from expert editors, two brand new to this edition, and a host of new authors who provide fresh insights on current trends and approaches in the specialty. Know what to look for and how to proceed with a fully updated art program that features full-color intraoperative images and crisp, new figures. Handle the most challenging cases of latent or post-operative nonunions, malunions, and more with extensive coverage of post-traumatic reconstruction. Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
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