This book explores how novel digital services, including e-services, digital platforms and mobile apps, are increasingly being innovated through open processes. It investigates how and why organizations invite external developers to participate in their innovation, often catalyzed by contests and the provision of open data, with the aim of designing digital services that go beyond the capability of the organizations themselves. Taking a contest driven approach to innovation, the book provides an accessible yet comprehensive introduction to the area of open digital innovation. It offers an analysis of key scientific principles underlying open innovation and based on these provides practical tools for improving the digital innovation process. Furthermore, the book introduces instruments for managing innovation contests, in particular for overcoming innovation barriers and for harnessing the power of motivating factors. It serves as a text for graduate and undergraduate courses in digital innovation and entrepreneurship, but is also a valuable resource for managers as well as policy makers in the field of open digital innovation.
Entrepreneurship Policy: Theory and Practice is the first book to fully analyze the construction of entrepreneurship policy, a rapidly-evolving area of policy about which little is known. From a study and assessment of the practices of governments in thirteen countries in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific, this book fully describes the policy area and shares new tools and methods for better understanding and explaining the why and how of an entrepreneurship policy approach. Unlike other research in the field of entrepreneurship where implications from research findings are used to suggest what policy actions should be taken to increase the level of entrepreneurship in an economy, this study is based on what entrepreneurship policy actions are being taken. This is a unique book in the field which points to the way forward both for policymakers and for the research community in terms of thinking about entrepreneurship policy and the complex issues surrounding its development.
I løpet av de siste ti årene har såkalte grønne avgifter blitt introdusert for å skjerme natur og miljø i de nordiske landene. Rapporten undersøker effekten av slike tiltak ved å gjennomgå eksisterende litteratur om grønne avgifter på CO2-utslipp i forbindelse med plantevernmidler. Mer enn 40 studier er evaluert.
This new edition of Guide to Process Based Modeling of Lakes and Coastal Seas brings the modeling up to date, taking into account multiple stressors acting on aquatic systems. The combination of acidification and increasing amounts of anoxic waters associated with eutrophication puts severe stress on the marine environment. The detection and attribution of anthropogenic changes in coastal seas are therefore crucial and transparent modeling tools are increasingly important. Modeling the marine CO2–O2 system makes systematic studies on climate change and eutrophication possible and is fundamental for understanding the Earth system. This second edition also includes new sections on detection and attribution and on modeling future changes, as well as improved exercises, updated software, and datasets. This unique book will stimulate students and researchers to develop their modeling skills and make model codes and data transparent to other research groups. It uses the general equation solver PROBE to introduce process-oriented numerical modeling and to build understanding of the subject step by step. The equation solver has been used in many applications, particularly in Sweden and Finland with their numerous lakes, archipelago seas, fjords, and coastal zones. It has also been used for process studies in the Polar Seas and the Mediterranean Sea and the approach is suitable for applications in many other environmental applications. Guide to Process Based Modeling of Lakes and Coastal Seas: • is a unique teaching tool for systematic learning of aquatic modeling; • approaches lake and ocean modeling from a new angle; • introduces aquatic numerical modeling using a process-based approach; • enables the thorough understanding of the physics and biogeochemistry of lakes and coastal seas; • provides software, datasets, and algorithms needed to reproduce all calculations and results in the book; • provides a number of creative and stimulating exercises with solutions; • addresses the interaction between climate change and eutrophication and is a good basis for learning Earth System Sciences.
This book explores how novel digital services, including e-services, digital platforms and mobile apps, are increasingly being innovated through open processes. It investigates how and why organizations invite external developers to participate in their innovation, often catalyzed by contests and the provision of open data, with the aim of designing digital services that go beyond the capability of the organizations themselves. Taking a contest driven approach to innovation, the book provides an accessible yet comprehensive introduction to the area of open digital innovation. It offers an analysis of key scientific principles underlying open innovation and based on these provides practical tools for improving the digital innovation process. Furthermore, the book introduces instruments for managing innovation contests, in particular for overcoming innovation barriers and for harnessing the power of motivating factors. It serves as a text for graduate and undergraduate courses in digital innovation and entrepreneurship, but is also a valuable resource for managers as well as policy makers in the field of open digital innovation.
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