To identify the specific features of the kinetics of oxidation of polymer mixtures, determine the key structural elements, and create a model that can describe the mechanism of thermal oxidation of polymer mixtures, it is necessary to determine the relation between the initial structure of a polymer mixture, structural rearrangements associated with oxidation and the kinetics of the process. The aim of this book is to elucidate the complicated problem concerning the connection between the structure and mechanism of oxidation of heterogeneous and heterophase polymer systems. The material presented in this book concerns the specific features of the kinetics of oxidation and those of the structure of polymer systems. The book deals with an analysis of the key factors that can affect principally the mechanism of thermal oxidation of polymer mixtures, determines the role of the phase morphology, structure of components, and the interface layer (or boundary) in the kinetics of oxidation of heterophase system by an example of mixtures of polyolefines. Along with the kinetics of oxidation of heterophase systems, problems of investigation of their structural parameters in the oxidized state are considered. With this aim, the material presented in the book concerns not only the mechanism of oxidation of polymer mixtures but also homopolymers of diverse morphology and model systems.
Devices based on disordered semiconductors have wide applications. It is difficult to imagine modern life without printers and copiers, LCD monitors and TVs, optical disks, economical solar cells, and many other devices based on disordered semiconductors. However, nowadays books that discuss disordered (amorphous, nanocrystalline, microcrystalline)
Drawing on his own diary as well as secret documents and transcripts of high-level meetings, Anatoly Chernyaev recounts the drama that swept the Soviet Union between 1985 and 1991. As Gorbachev&’s chief foreign policy aide for most of that period, he played a central role in efforts to halt the arms race, discard a confrontational ideology, and open his country to the world. And as Gorbachev&’s confidant on many domestic issues as well, Chernyaev offers rare insights into the struggle over glasnost, the growth of separatism, and the rise of Boris Yeltsin. While admiring of perestroika&’s founder, Chernyaev is frank in faulting Gorbachev for his hesitancy in economic reforms, for his delay in decentralizing Union-republic ties, and above all for his misplaced faith in the reformability of the Communist Party. Altogether this book is essential reading for those interested in the Cold War&’s end, the USSR&’s collapse, and especially the role played by ideas, ambitions, and key personalities in these momentous events.
The main purpose of the book is to acquaint mathematicians, physicists and engineers with classical mechanics as a whole, in both its traditional and its contemporary aspects. As such, it describes the fundamental principles, problems, and methods of classical mechanics, with the emphasis firmly laid on the working apparatus, rather than the physical foundations or applications. Chapters cover the n-body problem, symmetry groups of mechanical systems and the corresponding conservation laws, the problem of the integrability of the equations of motion, the theory of oscillations and perturbation theory.
This is the first book to explore the world of the theatre in Russia after Stalin. Through his work at the Moscow Art Theatre, Anatoly Smeliansky is in a key position to analyse contemporary events on the Russian stage and he combines this first-hand knowledge with valuable archival material, some published here for the first time, to tell a fascinating and important story. Smeliansky chronicles developments from 1953 and the rise of a new Soviet theatre, and moves through the next four decades, highlighting the social and political events which shaped Russian drama and performance. The book also focuses on major directors and practitioners, including Yury Lyubimov, Oleg Yefremov, and Lev Dodin, among others, and contains a chronology, glossary of names, and informative illustrations.
Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace presents a comprehensive examination of the self-consistent processes leading to multiscale electromagnetic and plasma structures in the magnetosphere and ionosphere near the plasmapause, particularly in the auroral and subauroral geospace. It utilizes simulations and a large number of relevant in situ measurements conducted by the most recent satellite missions, as well as ground-based optical and radar observations to verify the conclusions and analysis. Including several case studies of observations related to prominent geospacer events, the book also provides experimental and numerical results throughout the chapters to further enhance understanding of how the same physical mechanisms produce different phenomena at different regions of the near-Earth space environment. Additionally, the comprehensive description of mechanisms responsible for space weather effects will give readers a broad foundation of wave and particle processes in the near-Earth magnetosphere. As such, Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace is a cutting-edge reference for space physicists looking to better understand plasma physics in geospace. Presents a unified approach to wave and particle phenomena occurring in the auroral and subauroral geospace Summarizes the most current theoretical concepts related to the generation of the large-scale electric field near the plasmapause by flows of hot plasma from the reconnection site Includes case studies of the observations related to the most “famous events during the last 20 years as well as a large number of experimental and numerical results illustrated throughout the text
This monograph recounts and details the development of a nuclear rocket engine reactor (NRER). In particular, it explains the working capacity of an active zone NRER under mechanical and thermal load, intensive neutron fluxes, and high-energy generation (up to 30 MBT/l) in a working medium (hydrogen) at temperatures up to 3100 K. The design principles and bearing capacity of reactors area discussed on the basis of simulation experiments and test data of a prototype reactor. Property data of dense constructional, porous thermal insulating and fuel materials such as carbide and uranium carbide compounds in the temperatures interval 300 - 3000 K are presented.; technological aspects of strength and thermal strength resistance of materials are also considered. As well, a procedure to design possible emergency processes in the NRER is developed and risks for their origination are evaluated. Finally, prospects for use in pilotless space devices and piloted interplanetary ships are reviewed.
This book presents the current state of the problem of describing the musculoskeletal system of a person. Models of the destruction of the endoskeleton and the restoration of its functions using exoskeleton are presented. A description is given of new approaches to modeling based on the use of weightless rods of variable length with concentrated masses. The practical application to the tasks of numerical simulation of the movements of the musculoskeletal system of a person is described. Exoskeleton models with variable-length units based on absolutely hard sections and sections that change their telescopic type length have been developed. The book is intended for specialists in the field of theoretical mechanics, biomechanics, robotics and related fields. The book will be useful to teachers, as well as graduate students, undergraduates and senior students of higher educational institutions, whose research interests lie in the modeling of anthropomorphic biomechanical systems.
The book considers the riverine paleo structures of the coastal marine zone from the point of view of marine bottom seismic acoustics. The authors describe the mechanisms of the origin and features of riverine paleo structures in the coastal marine area. The methods applied for this kind of research have been developed and explained comprehensively, including geomorphology and interpretation of seismic acoustic facies. Besides, the authors also propose a classification of morphological features, signs and technology of recognition, as well as methods for mapping of coastal river facies supported by an extensive list of literary sources is given. The book will be of interest to marine geophysicists, marine geologists, and those interested in new methods to approach marine problems worldwide.
This book describes for readers the entire, interconnected complex of theoretical and practical aspects of designing and organizing the production of various electronic devices, the general and main distinguishing feature of which is the high speed of processing and transmitting of digital signals. The authors discuss all the main stages of design - from the upper system level of the hierarchy (telecommunications system, 5G mobile communications) to the lower level of basic semiconductor elements, printed circuit boards. Since the developers of these devices in practice deal with distorted digital signals that are transmitted against a background of interference, the authors not only explain the physical nature of such effects, but also offer specific solutions as to how to avoid such parasitic effects, even at the design stage of high-speed devices.
Khazanov's astute assessments of ethnic and political strife in Russia, in Chechnia, in Central Asia, in Kazakhstan, among the Meskhetian Turks, and among the Yakut of Eastern Siberia illuminate the interconnections between nationalism, ethnic relations, social structures, and political process in the waning days of the USSR and in the new independent states. Exploring the Soviet nationality policy and its failure to satisfy national aspirations, Khazanov demonstrates the fatal flaws of totalitarian rule and the impossibility of reforming it. Khazanov cautions that the liberal democratic direction of current transformations in the former Soviet Union should not be taken for granted. For most of the independent states, he points out, departing from totalitarianism requires creation of a civil society for the first time in their history. The state's partial retreat from the public sphere leaves a dangerous institutional vacuum, in which nationalism is emerging as the dominant ideology. He warns that this new, post-totalitarian society is still a far cry from a genuine liberal democracy and, despite its inherent instability, may turn out to be a long-lasting phenomenon.
1.1 Preface Organic chemistry had its origin in chemicals which are synthesized by living cells. These chemicals consist of molecules whose skeletons are built up of carbon atoms. The remaining valences are connected with ligands such as hydrogen, halo gens, -OH,==O, -NH . Some of the skeletal carbon atoms can be replaced by non 2 metals such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur {"heteroatoms"}. It is characteristic for the living world, not to be in a crystalline state. However it is possible to obtain single crystals from many organic compounds both of natural and synthetic origin. For a number of years the physics and chem istry of these crystals have stimulated fundamental research on a rapidly growing scale. The great variety of possible organic structures {as compared to inorganics} opens up a large field of new materials and of novel material properties; for previous literature reviews and data compilations see 1-40) and Chap. 6. The art of producing good and pure organic single crystals has developed hand in-hand with the ever growing requirements of basic research, arising from its interest in fundamental interactions in the solid state. Interactions manifest themselves in a very detailed way by energy transfer.
This brilliant treatise is based on extensive experimental and technological data derived from high-temperature materials development processes. The distinguished authors analyse results from the development of nuclear reactors and aerospace rocket engines. They apply this data to the problem of bearing capacity and the fracture of thermally loaded bodies. They establish new regularities of fracture at various modes of local and combined thermal loading.
Nanosilicon: Properties, Synthesis, Applications, Methods of Analysis and Control examines the latest developments on the physics and chemistry of nanosilicon. The book focuses on methods for producing nanosilicon, its electronic and optical properties, research methods to characterize its spectral and structural properties, and its possible applications. The first part of the book covers the basic properties of semiconductors, including causes of the size dependence of the properties, structural and electronic properties, and physical characteristics of the various forms of silicon. It presents theoretical and experimental research results as well as examples of porous silicon and quantum dots. The second part discusses the synthesis of nanosilicon, modification of the surface of nanoparticles, and properties of the resulting particles. The authors give special attention to the photoluminescence of silicon nanoparticles. The third part describes methods used for studying and controlling the structure and properties of nanocrystalline silicon. These methods include standard ones, such as electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and diffraction, as well as novel techniques, such as femtosecond spectroscopy, ultrafast electron nanocrystallography, and dynamic transmission electron microscopy. The fourth part details some of the practical applications of nanocrystalline silicon, including the use of nanoparticles as additives–absorbers of UV radiation in sunscreens. Incorporating much of the authors’ own extensive research results, this book provides a systematic account of the scientific problems of nanosilicon and its potential practical applications. It will help readers understand current and emerging applications and research methods of this unique material.
Preservation of nature and the environment has become one of the most important issues of the end of the twentieth century. It has become evident that the methods used for industrial and agricultural production in many countries produce pollutants that cannot undergo natural neutralization by entering the atmosphere, soil or water. Ecosystems that have been developing for centuries are undergoing degradation and what is even more regrettable is that there is an actual threat of profound disorder in the biosphere which could lead to heavy and irreversible changes. Fluorine derivatives are the most aggressive among toxic compounds polluting the atmosphere. Moreover, the percentage of fluorides in industrial emissions is constantly increasing with the bulk of fluorides being emitted by aluminium smelters. Fluorine is poorly detoxified by both plants and animals and the accumulation of even relatively low concentrations over a long period causes a cumulative toxic effect. Among woody plants conifers are less resistant to fluorine. Fluorine derivatives as phytopollutants have been studied less than sulphur compounds, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and hydrogen chloride. It was not until the late 1960s when there was a rapid decline of coniferous forests that researchers directed their attention towards phyto toxic properties of fluorides.
This book describes physical, mathematical and experimental methods to model flows in micro- and nanofluidic devices. It takes in consideration flows in channels with a characteristic size between several hundreds of micrometers to several nanometers. Methods based on solving kinetic equations, coupled kinetic-hydrodynamic description, and molecular dynamics method are used. Based on detailed measurements of pressure distributions along the straight and bent microchannels, the hydraulic resistance coefficients are refined. Flows of disperse fluids (including disperse nanofluids) are considered in detail. Results of hydrodynamic modeling of the simplest micromixers are reported. Mixing of fluids in a Y-type and T-type micromixers is considered. The authors present a systematic study of jet flows, jets structure and laminar-turbulent transition. The influence of sound on the microjet structure is considered. New phenomena associated with turbulization and relaminarization of the mixing layer of microjets are discussed. Based on the conducted experimental investigations, the authors propose a chart of microjet flow regimes. When addressing the modeling of microflows of nanofluids, the authors show where conventional hydrodynamic approaches can be applied and where more complicated models are needed, and they analyze the hydrodynamic stability of the nanofluid flows. The last part of the book is devoted the statistical theory of the transport processes in fluids under confined conditions. The authors present the constitutive relations and the formulas for transport coefficients. In conclusion the authors present a rigorous analysis of the viscosity and diffusion in nanochannels and in porous media.
The 2nd edition of this book is essentially an extended version of the 1st and provides a very sound overview of the most important special functions of Fractional Calculus. It has been updated with material from many recent papers and includes several surveys of important results known before the publication of the 1st edition, but not covered there. As a result of researchers’ and scientists’ increasing interest in pure as well as applied mathematics in non-conventional models, particularly those using fractional calculus, Mittag-Leffler functions have caught the interest of the scientific community. Focusing on the theory of Mittag-Leffler functions, this volume offers a self-contained, comprehensive treatment, ranging from rather elementary matters to the latest research results. In addition to the theory the authors devote some sections of the work to applications, treating various situations and processes in viscoelasticity, physics, hydrodynamics, diffusion and wave phenomena, as well as stochastics. In particular, the Mittag-Leffler functions make it possible to describe phenomena in processes that progress or decay too slowly to be represented by classical functions like the exponential function and related special functions. The book is intended for a broad audience, comprising graduate students, university instructors and scientists in the field of pure and applied mathematics, as well as researchers in applied sciences like mathematical physics, theoretical chemistry, bio-mathematics, control theory and several other related areas.
This book is devoted to the study of the dynamics of rotating bodies with cavities containing liquid. Two basic classes of motions are analyzed: rotation and libration. Cases of complete and partial filling of cavities with ideal liquid and complete filling with viscous liquid are treated. The volume presents a method for obtaining relations between angular velocities perpendicular to main rotation and external force momentums, which are treated as control. The developed models and methods of solving dynamical problems as well as numerical methods for solving problems of optimal control can be used for studying the dynamics of aircraft in the atmosphere and spacecraft with stores of liquid fuel, which are rotating around some axis for stabilization. The results are also applicable in the development of fast revolving rotors, centrifuges and gyroscopes, which have cavities filled with liquid. This work will be of interest to researchers at universities and laboratories specializing in problems of control for hybrid systems, as well as to under-/postgraduates with this specialization. It will also benefit researchers and practitioners in aerospace and mechanical engineering.
This invaluable second volume of a two-volume set is filled with details about the integrated circuit design for space applications. Various considerations for the selection and application of electronic components for designing spacecraft are discussed. The basic constructions of submicron transistors and schottky diodes during the technological process of production are explored. This book provides details on the energy consumption minimization methods for microelectronic devices. Specific topics include: Features and physical mechanisms of the effect of space radiation on all the main classes of microcircuits, including peculiarities of radiation impact on submicron integrated circuits;Special design, technology, and schematic methods of increasing the resistance to various types of space radiation;Recommendations for choosing research equipment and methods for irradiating various samples;Microcircuit designers on the composition of test elements for the study of the effect of radiation;Microprocessors, circuit boards, logic microcircuits, digital, analog, digital–analog microcircuits manufactured in various technologies (bipolar, CMOS, BiCMOS, SOI);Problems involved with designing high speed microelectronic devices and systems based on SOS-and SOI-structures;System-on-chip and system-in-package and methods for rejection of silicon microcircuits with hidden defects during mass production.
The author's intention to write "Science and Medicine in Imperial Russia" was to acquaint the American medical and scientific professionals, and, hopefully, the general public, with the accomplishments of Russian scientists and physicians in the areas of their professions. The authors has limited his story to medicine, chemistry, and biology, the areas of his extended experience. American public's thinking, due to a number of reasons, is that Imperial Russia was a "swamp" (to use President Trump's expression), in which nothing of medical or scientific importance has ever been discovered or developed.This author, of course, thinks otherwise, and presents in this volume an ample amount of evidence to show that in the fields listed above, the accomplishments of the Russians were surprisingly numerous. As an example, one can cite the discoveries of Russian organic chemists (especially at the Kazan University), which, arguably, were exceeded only by the Germans.
This book is an insiders’ account of the groundbreaking Moscow production of Chekhov's The Seagull directed by Anatoly Efros in 1966, which heralded a paradigm shift in the interpretation and staging of Chekhov’s plays. It is a unique glimpse behind the curtain of the laboratory of new Russian theatre in the twentieth century. Efros' articles about Chekhov and The Seagull, his diaries, interviews and conversations, and most importantly the original rehearsal records combine to form an in-depth account of of the director and his working process. This is an essential book for anyone with an interest in Chekhov and the history of modern Russian theatre.
The majority of the "memorable" results of relativistic quantum theory were obtained within the framework of the local quantum field approach. The explanation of the basic principles of the local theory and its mathematical structure has left its mark on all modern activity in this area. Originally, the axiomatic approach arose from attempts to give a mathematical meaning to the quantum field theory of strong interactions (of Yukawa type). The fields in such a theory are realized by operators in Hilbert space with a positive Poincare-invariant scalar product. This "classical" part of the axiomatic approach attained its modern form as far back as the sixties. * It has retained its importance even to this day, in spite of the fact that nowadays the main prospects for the description of the electro-weak and strong interactions are in connection with the theory of gauge fields. In fact, from the point of view of the quark model, the theory of strong interactions of Wightman type was obtained by restricting attention to just the "physical" local operators (such as hadronic fields consisting of ''fundamental'' quark fields) acting in a Hilbert space of physical states. In principle, there are enough such "physical" fields for a description of hadronic physics, although this means that one must reject the traditional local Lagrangian formalism. (The connection is restored in the approximation of low-energy "phe nomenological" Lagrangians.
Still passive and for the most part uncontrollable, current systems intended to ensure the reliability and durability of engineering structures are still in their developmental infancy. They cannot make corrections or recondition materials, and most material and structural failures cannot be predicted. Accidents-and catastrophes-result. Phys
This comprehensive handbook provides readers with a single-source reference to the theoretical fundamentals, physical mechanisms and principles of operation of all known microwave devices and various radars. The author discusses proven methods of computation and design development, process, schematic, schematic-technical and construction peculiarities of each breed of the microwave devices, as well as the most popular and original technical solutions for radars. Coverage also includes the history of creation of the most widely used radars, as well as guidelines for their potential upgrading. Offers readers a comprehensive, systematized view of all contemporary knowledge, acquired during the last 20 years, on radars and related disciplines; Provides a single-source reference on the physical mechanisms and principles of operation of the basic components of radio location devices, including theoretical aspects of designing the necessary, high-efficiency electronic devices and systems, as well as key, practical methods of computation and design; Presents complex topics using simple language, minimizing mathematics.
Electronic, optical, mechanical and medical appliances are just a few examples of modern applications that use tantalum and niobium. In Chemistry of Tantalum and Niobium Fluoride Compounds, the author draws on thirty years' experience to produce the first ever monograph to systemize and summarize the data available on tantalum and niobium fluoride compounds. This comprehensive reference source offers a rich variety of study methodology and is invaluable to researchers examining the chemistry of fluorides, as well as teachers and students in chemistry and metallurgy. * Collects the latest research on the chemistry of complex fluorides and oxyfluorides of Tantalum and Niobium. * Covers both theory and application of Tantalum and Niobium Fluoride Chemistry * Is suitable for tantalum and niobium producers, researchers studying the chemistry of fluorides, as well as teachers and students in chemistry and metallurgy
Handbook of Mechanical Stability in Engineering (In 3 Volumes) is a systematic presentation of mathematical statements and methods of solution for problems of structural stability. It also presents a connection between the solutions of the problems and the actual design practice.This comprehensive multi-volume set with applications in Applied Mechanics, Structural, Civil and Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mathematics is useful for research engineers and developers of CAD/CAE software who investigate the stability of equilibrium of mechanical systems; practical engineers who use the software tools in their daily work and are interested in knowing more about the theoretical foundations of the strength analysis; and for advanced students and faculty of university departments where strength-related subjects of civil and mechanical engineering are taught.
Magnetospheric MHD Oscillations A groundbreaking new theory of the magnetosphere The magnetosphere is the region around Earth in which our planet’s magnetic field exerts its influence to trap charged particles. Waves in this magnetosphere, known as magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) oscillations, are caused by interactions between these charged particles, Solar wind pulses, and the magnetic field. The predictable interval between these oscillations enables them to serve as tools for understanding the magnetospheric plasma which comprises the field. Magnetospheric MHD Oscillations offers a comprehensive overview of the theory underlying these waves and their periodicity. Emphasizing the spatial structure of the oscillations, it advances a theory of MHD oscillation that promises to have significant ramifications in astronomy and beyond. Magnetospheric MHD Oscillations readers will also find: Theorizing of direct relevance to current satellite missions, such as THEMIS and the Van Allen Probe In-depth discussion of topics including Alfven resonance, waveguides in plasma filaments, and many more Detailed appendices including key calculations and statistical parameters Magnetospheric MDH Oscillations is ideal for plasma physicists, theoretical physicists, applied mathematicians, and advanced graduate students in these and related subfields.
This book highlights the capabilities and limitations of radar and air navigation. It discusses issues related to the physical principles of an electromagnetic field, the structure of radar information, and ways to transmit it. Attention is paid to the classification of radio waves used for transmitting radar information, as well as to the physical description of their propagation media. The third part of the book addresses issues related to the current state of navigation systems used in civil aviation and the prospects for their development in the future, as well as the history of satellite radio navigation systems. The book may be useful for schoolchildren, interested in the problems of radar and air navigation.
A Unified Microscopic Approach to Analyzing Complex Processes in Molecular MotorsMotor Proteins and Molecular Motors explores the mechanisms of cellular functioning associated with several specific enzymatic molecules called motor proteins. Motor proteins, also known as molecular motors, play important roles in living systems by supporting cellular
This book provides a comprehensive and concise description of most important aspects of experimental and theoretical investigations of porous materials and powders, with the use and application of these materials in different fields of science, technology, national economy and environment. It allows the reader to understand the basic regularities of heat and mass transfer and adsorption occurring in qualitatively different porous materials and products, and allows the reader to optimize the functional properties of porous and powdered products and materials. Written in an straightforward and transparent manner, this book is accessible to both experts and those without specialist knowledge, and it is further elucidated by drawings, schemes and photographs. Porous materials and powders with different pore sizes are used in many areas of industry, geology, agriculture and science. These areas include (i) a variety of devices and supplies; (ii) thermal insulation and building materials; (iii) oil-bearing geological, gas-bearing and water-bearing rocks; and (iv) biological objects. Structural Properties of Porous Materials and Powders Used in Different Fields of Science and Technology is intended for a wide-ranging audience specializing in different fields of science and engineering including engineers, geologists, geophysicists, oil and gas producers, agronomists, physiologists, pharmacists, researchers, teachers and students.
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