Attribution theory has attracted considerable attention in recent years, especially in the field of language learning. A great share of the research conducted in this area has attempted to uncover factors that could influence learners’ perceptions of success and failure in foreign language learning. Particular emphasis has been given to factors like age, gender, perceived level of success, and language studied, and some suggestions that learners’ cultures also play a part have been made, although conclusions based on researchers’ assumptions of learners’ culture characteristics can run the risk of falling into stereotyping. This book is the result of research conducted to show that learners’ cultural characteristics (previously researched and analysed by means of grounded theory and factor analysis) may influence not only the attributions mentioned by them for their successes and failures in learning English, but also the way learners see these attributions in terms of their dimensions of locus of causality, stability and controllability (a classification that has been regarded as common-sense and has, therefore, often been made by researchers themselves). This book will be of interest to scholars whose research focus is in theories of motivation and self-theories, especially as they are applied to learning in general, and language learning in particular. It will also be useful to language teachers, especially those working in foreign language learning contexts as they are in a good position to identify reasons for their learners’ lack of motivation caused by their success and failure perceptions, and may have some ideas on how to retrain learners’ attributions, particularly those which are more external and stable.
Attribution theory has attracted considerable attention in recent years, especially in the field of language learning. A great share of the research conducted in this area has attempted to uncover factors that could influence learners’ perceptions of success and failure in foreign language learning. Particular emphasis has been given to factors like age, gender, perceived level of success, and language studied, and some suggestions that learners’ cultures also play a part have been made, although conclusions based on researchers’ assumptions of learners’ culture characteristics can run the risk of falling into stereotyping. This book is the result of research conducted to show that learners’ cultural characteristics (previously researched and analysed by means of grounded theory and factor analysis) may influence not only the attributions mentioned by them for their successes and failures in learning English, but also the way learners see these attributions in terms of their dimensions of locus of causality, stability and controllability (a classification that has been regarded as common-sense and has, therefore, often been made by researchers themselves). This book will be of interest to scholars whose research focus is in theories of motivation and self-theories, especially as they are applied to learning in general, and language learning in particular. It will also be useful to language teachers, especially those working in foreign language learning contexts as they are in a good position to identify reasons for their learners’ lack of motivation caused by their success and failure perceptions, and may have some ideas on how to retrain learners’ attributions, particularly those which are more external and stable.
In the early modern period, trade became a truly global phenomenon. The logistics, financial and organizational complexity associated with it increased in order to connect distant geographies and merchants from different backgrounds. How did these merchants prevent their partners from dishonesty in a time where formal institutions and legislation did not traverse these different worlds? This book studies the mechanisms and criteria of cooperation in early modern trading networks. It uses an interdisciplinary approach, through the case study of a Castilian long-distance merchant of the sixteenth century, Simon Ruiz, who traded within the limits of the Portuguese and Spanish overseas empires. Early Modern Trading Networks in Europe discusses the importance of reciprocity mechanisms, trust and reputation in the context of early modern business relations, using network analysis methodology, combining quantitative data with qualitative information. It considers how cooperation and prevention could simultaneously create a business relationship, and describes the mechanisms of control, policing and punishment used to avoid opportunism and deception among a group of business partners. Using bills of exchange and correspondence from Simon Ruiz‘s private archive, it charts the evolution of this business network through time, debating which criteria should be included or excluded from business networks, as well as the emergence of standards. This book intends to put forward a new approach to early modern trade which focusses on individuals interacting in self-organized structures, rather than on States or Empires. It shows how indirect reciprocity was much more frequent than direct reciprocity among early modern merchants and how informal norms, like ostracism and signalling, helped to prevent defection and deception in an effective way. This book will be of interest to all early modern historians, especially those with an interest
This book highlights the latest advances in bioMEMS for biosensing applications. It comprehensively reviews different detection methods, including colorimetric, fluorescence, luminescence, bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, biochemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence, and presents various bioMEMS for each, together with recent examples. The book also offers an overview of the history of BioMEMS and the design and manufacture of the first bioMEMS-based devices.
Explores criteria determining the international responsibility of member states for failure to protect human rights in international financial institutions.
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