Amy Sue Bix's Books

Girls Coming to Tech!

A History of American Engineering Education for Women

By: Amy Sue Bix

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Girls Coming to Tech!

A History of American Engineering Education for Women

By: Amy Sue Bix

Engineering education in the United States was long regarded as masculine territory. For decades, women who studied or worked in engineering were popularly perceived as oddities, outcasts, unfeminine (or inappropriately feminine in a male world). In Girls Coming to Tech!, Amy Bix tells the story of how women gained entrance to the traditionally male field of engineering in American higher education. As Bix explains, a few women breached the gender-reinforced boundaries of engineering education before World War II. During World War II, government, employers, and colleges actively recruited women to train as engineering aides, channeling them directly into defense work. These wartime training programs set the stage for more engineering schools to open their doors to women. Bix offers three detailed case studies of postwar engineering coeducation. Georgia Tech admitted women in 1952 to avoid a court case, over objections by traditionalists. In 1968, Caltech male students argued that nerds needed a civilizing female presence. At MIT, which had admitted women since the 1870s but treated them as a minor afterthought, feminist-era activists pushed the school to welcome more women and take their talent seriously.In the 1950s, women made up less than one percent of students in American engineering programs; in 2010 and 2011, women earned 18.4% of bachelor's degrees, 22.6% of master's degrees, and 21.8% of doctorates in engineering. Bix's account shows why these gains were hard won.

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376

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ISBN 10

0262320266

ISBN 13

9780262320269

Girls Coming to Tech!

A History of American Engineering Education for Women

By: Amy Sue Bix

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Girls Coming to Tech!

A History of American Engineering Education for Women

By: Amy Sue Bix

How women coped with both formal barriers and informal opposition to their entry into the traditionally masculine field of engineering in American higher education. Engineering education in the United States was long regarded as masculine territory. For decades, women who studied or worked in engineering were popularly perceived as oddities, outcasts, unfeminine (or inappropriately feminine in a male world). In Girls Coming to Tech!, Amy Bix tells the story of how women gained entrance to the traditionally male field of engineering in American higher education. As Bix explains, a few women breached the gender-reinforced boundaries of engineering education before World War II. During World War II, government, employers, and colleges actively recruited women to train as engineering aides, channeling them directly into defense work. These wartime training programs set the stage for more engineering schools to open their doors to women. Bix offers three detailed case studies of postwar engineering coeducation. Georgia Tech admitted women in 1952 to avoid a court case, over objections by traditionalists. In 1968, Caltech male students argued that nerds needed a civilizing female presence. At MIT, which had admitted women since the 1870s but treated them as a minor afterthought, feminist-era activists pushed the school to welcome more women and take their talent seriously. In the 1950s, women made up less than one percent of students in American engineering programs; in 2010 and 2011, women earned 18.4% of bachelor's degrees, 22.6% of master's degrees, and 21.8% of doctorates in engineering. Bix's account shows why these gains were hard won.

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373

Publisher

MIT Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0262546515

ISBN 13

9780262546515

Rare Invaders#The Pre-World War II History of Women in American Engineering, digital original edition

A BIT of Girls Coming to Tech!

By: Amy Sue Bix

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Rare Invaders#The Pre-World War II History of Women in American Engineering, digital original edition

A BIT of Girls Coming to Tech!

By: Amy Sue Bix

Engineering education in the United States was long regarded as masculine territory. In this BIT, Amy Bix describes how a few women breached the gender-reinforced boundaries of engineering education before World War II. They were a rare group of women who simply worked their way into engineering, through observation, persistence, and the happenstance of being in the right place at the right time.

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MIT Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0262330369

ISBN 13

9780262330367

Rough Draft

Cold War Military Manpower Policy and the Origins of Vietnam-Era Draft Resistance

By: Amy J. Rutenberg

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Rough Draft

Cold War Military Manpower Policy and the Origins of Vietnam-Era Draft Resistance

By: Amy J. Rutenberg

Rough Draft draws the curtain on the race and class inequities of the Selective Service during the Vietnam War. Amy J. Rutenberg argues that policy makers' idealized conceptions of Cold War middle-class masculinity directly affected whom they targeted for conscription and also for deferment. Federal officials believed that college educated men could protect the nation from the threat of communism more effectively as civilians than as soldiers. The availability of deferments for this group mushroomed between 1945 and 1965, making it less and less likely that middle-class white men would serve in the Cold War army. Meanwhile, officials used the War on Poverty to target poorer and racialized men for conscription in the hopes that military service would offer them skills they could use in civilian life. As Rutenberg shows, manpower policies between World War II and the Vietnam War had unintended consequences. While some men resisted military service in Vietnam for reasons of political conscience, most did so because manpower polices made it possible. By shielding middle-class breadwinners in the name of national security, policymakers militarized certain civilian roles—a move that, ironically, separated military service from the obligations of masculine citizenship and, ultimately, helped kill the draft in the United States.

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Page Count

276

Publisher

Cornell University Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1501739379

ISBN 13

9781501739378

Integrating Women into the Astronaut Corps

Politics and Logistics at NASA, 1972–2004

By: Amy E. Foster

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Integrating Women into the Astronaut Corps

Politics and Logistics at NASA, 1972–2004

By: Amy E. Foster

Why, Amy E. Foster asks, did it take two decades after the Soviet Union launched its first female cosmonaut for the United States to send its first female astronaut into space? In answering this question, Foster recounts the complicated history of integrating women into NASA’s astronaut corps. NASA selected its first six female astronauts in 1978. Foster examines the political, technological, and cultural challenges that the agency had to overcome to usher in this new era in spaceflight. She shows how NASA had long developed progressive hiring policies but was limited in executing them by a national agenda to beat the Soviets to the moon, budget constraints, and cultural ideas about women’s roles in America. Lively writing and compelling stories, including personal interviews with America’s first women astronauts, propel Foster’s account. Through extensive archival research, Foster also examines NASA’s directives about sexual discrimination, the technological issues in integrating women into the corps, and the popular media’s discussion of women in space. Foster puts together a truly original study of the experiences not only of early women astronauts but also of the managers and engineers who helped launch them into space. In documenting these events, Foster offers a broader understanding of the difficulties in sexually integrating any workplace, even when the organization approaches the situation with as positive an outlook and as strong a motivation as did NASA.

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Page Count

228

Publisher

JHU Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

1421403943

ISBN 13

9781421403946

The Defoliation of America

Agent Orange Chemicals, Citizens, and Protests

By: Amy Marie Hay

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The Defoliation of America

Agent Orange Chemicals, Citizens, and Protests

By: Amy Marie Hay

In The Defoliation of America, Amy M. Hay profiles the attitudes, understandings, and motivations of grassroots activists who rose to fight the use of phenoxy herbicides (commonly known as the Agent Orange chemicals) in various aspects of American life during the post-WWII era. First introduced in 1946, these chemicals mimic hormones in broadleaf plants, causing them to, essentially, grow to death while grass, grains, and other monocots remain unaffected. By the 1950s, millions of pounds of chemicals were produced annually for use in brush control, weed eradication, other agricultural applications, and forest management. The herbicides allowed suburban lawns to take root and become iconic symbols of success in American life. The production and application of phenoxy defoliants continued to skyrocket in subsequent years, encouraged by market forces and unimpeded by regulatory oversight. By the late 1950s, however, pockets of skepticism and resistance had begun to appear. The trend picked up steam after 1962, when Rachel Carson's Silent Spring directed mainstream attention to the harm modern chemicals were causing in the natural world. But it wasn't until the Vietnam War, when nearly 40 million gallons of Agent Orange and related herbicides were sprayed to clear the canopy and destroy crops in Southeast Asia, that the long-term damage associated with this group of chemicals began to attract widespread attention and alarm. Using a wide array of sources and an interdisciplinary approach, The Defoliation of America is organized in three parts. Part 1 (1945-70) examines the development, use, and responses to the new chemicals used to control weeds and remove jungle growth. As the herbicides became militarized, critics increasingly expressed concerns about defoliation in protests over US imperialism in Southeast Asia. Part 2 (1965-85) profiles three different women who, influenced by Rachel Carson, challenged the uses of the herbicides in the American West, affecting US chemical policy and regulations in the process. Part 3 (1970-95) revisits the impact and legacies of defoliant use after the Vietnam War. From countercultural containment and Nixon's declaration of the "War on Drugs" to the toxic effects on American and Vietnamese veterans, civilians, and their children, it became increasingly obvious that American herbicides damaged far more than forest canopies. With sensitivity to the role gender played in these various protests, Hay's study of the scientists, health and environmental activists, and veterans who fought US chemical regulatory policies and practices reveals the mechanisms, obligations, and constraints of state and scientific authority in midcentury America. Hay also shows how these disparate and mostly forgotten citizen groups challenged the political consensus and were able to shift government and industry narratives of chemical safety"--

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Page Count

329

Publisher

University of Alabama Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

081732108X

ISBN 13

9780817321086

Rare Invaders#The Pre-World War II History of Women in American Engineering, digital original edition

A BIT of Girls Coming to Tech!

By: Amy Sue Bix

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Rare Invaders#The Pre-World War II History of Women in American Engineering, digital original edition

A BIT of Girls Coming to Tech!

By: Amy Sue Bix

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Solve jigsaw puzzle

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Publisher

MIT Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0262330369

ISBN 13

9780262330367

Book's by Amy Sue Bix

Girls Coming to Tech!

Girls Coming to Tech!

Girls Coming to Tech!

Girls Coming to Tech!

Rare Invaders#The Pre-World War II History of Women in American Engineering, digital original edition

Rare Invaders#The Pre-World War II History of Women in American Engineering, digital original edition

Rough Draft

Rough Draft

Integrating Women into the Astronaut Corps

Integrating Women into the Astronaut Corps

The Defoliation of America

The Defoliation of America

Rare Invaders#The Pre-World War II History of Women in American Engineering, digital original edition

Rare Invaders#The Pre-World War II History of Women in American Engineering, digital original edition

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