Fractional calculus is a rapidly growing field of research, at the interface between probability, differential equations, and mathematical physics. It is used to model anomalous diffusion, in which a cloud of particles spreads in a different manner than traditional diffusion. This monograph develops the basic theory of fractional calculus and anomalous diffusion, from the point of view of probability. In this book, we will see how fractional calculus and anomalous diffusion can be understood at a deep and intuitive level, using ideas from probability. It covers basic limit theorems for random variables and random vectors with heavy tails. This includes regular variation, triangular arrays, infinitely divisible laws, random walks, and stochastic process convergence in the Skorokhod topology. The basic ideas of fractional calculus and anomalous diffusion are closely connected with heavy tail limit theorems. Heavy tails are applied in finance, insurance, physics, geophysics, cell biology, ecology, medicine, and computer engineering. The goal of this book is to prepare graduate students in probability for research in the area of fractional calculus, anomalous diffusion, and heavy tails. Many interesting problems in this area remain open. This book will guide the motivated reader to understand the essential background needed to read and unerstand current research papers, and to gain the insights and techniques needed to begin making their own contributions to this rapidly growing field.
This is the first book to reveal the mechanism of 'long-term water memory' effects. The theory is based on precise mathematical calculations and a fundamental physical model of clathrate hydrates developed by Pauling in 1959. This book gives a detailed review of modern theories dealing with structure and properties of water. It also provides theory regarding the effect of activated water on biological systems under the life suppressive conditions such as ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. In addition, it provides detail information regarding the mechanism of DNA self-reparation process under the influence of activated water. Also included is a chapter on the innovative patented technology based on mechanism of 'long-term water memory' to prove the feasilibity with experimental data and protocols.
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