Many neurologic disorders can appear in quick and severe forms that require immediate medical attention. This issue of Neurologic Clinics features 14 articles on conditions that commonly present acutely, such as epilepsy, headache, visual loss, nervous system infections, ischemic stroke, head and spinal cord injury, and intracranial hemorrhage.
Multiple sclerosis [MS] is one of the most common auto-immune-mediated diseases of the human central nervous system [CNS] which affects young adults and usually causes significant neurological disability. Currently, the causes of MS are still unclear, a cure for MS remains elusive and the effectiveness of treatment varies significantly among individuals. Clinical features and neurological deficits stemming from this progressive neurological disease are diverse since MS potentially affects human CNS at all levels from brain to the end of spinal cord. The triggering event for development of MS remains unknown. Immunopathogenesis of MS involves a number of steps which include activation of peripheral leukocytes against putative CNS antigen(s), interactions of the activated leukocytes with inflamed cerebral endothelial cells, transendothelial migration of activated lymphocytes and macrophages to the CNS milieu, and further propagation of the massive immune response within the CNS. Such massive immune activation leads to loss of myelin-oligodendrocyte complex. Several immune cell types and mediators of the immune-inflammatory response actively contribute to pathogenesis of MS. Genetic factors are also believed to play a central role in the development of most forms of MS. Another important but much unrecognized and under-researched feature of MS immunopathology is “neurodegeneration.” Neuronal loss and axonal degeneration are the core components of irreversible and permanent CNS atrophy and disability in MS. What we call MS in reality is a heterogeneous group of diseases and at least four distinct immunopathological subtypes of MS with dissimilar responses to therapy with immunomodulatory agents exist. MS is a clinical diagnosis, however, its diagnostic process is much facilitated by utilization of laboratory and neuroimaging studies. Present therapies of MS are either immunomodulatory agents or immunosuppressive and mainly target the peripheral immune system with the intention to ameliorate the severity of acute relapses, decrease annual relapse rate, and improve MRI lesions. Currently, much research activity is being conducted to better understand the fundamental disease mechanisms of MS and find more effective and safer treatments for this incurable disease. This book presents an overview of MS as a disease with neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative features and the authors discuss the most recent findings about MS and its treatment. Table of Contents: Introduction / Clinical Features of Multiple Sclerosis / Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis / Neuroimaging of Multiple Sclerosis / Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis / Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis / Prognosis of Multiple Sclerosis / Concluding Remarks . References
This issue of the Neurologic Clinics is dedicated to the cerebellum and includes articles on its functional neuroanatomy and different cerebellar pathologies. Among the various reviews contained in this issue, there are two particularly unique articles devoted to the role of the cerebellum in human cognition and psychiatric diseases. Other topics include: the Cerebellum and Sleep; Toxic-Metabolic, Nutritional, and Medicinal-Induced Disorders of Cerebellum; Multiple Sclerosis and the Cerebellum; and Infections of the Cerebellum, among others.
The Year Book of Neurology and Neurosurgery brings you abstracts of the articles that reported the year's breakthrough developments in neurology and neurosurgery, carefully selected from more than 500 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice. There's no faster or easier way to stay informed! Readers will find information on a range of topics, including Movement Disorders, Infectious Diseases of the Nervous System, Neoplastic Disease, Pediatric Neurology and Neurosurgery, Cerebrovascular, Neuro-oncology, and Spine. The Year Book of Neurology and Neurosurgery is published annually in June.
During the past two decades, the world scientific community has witnessed major achievements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infection of the nervous system and HIV-Associated Dementia (HAD). Despite these giant gains, nervous system involvement during AIDS remains a relentlessly progressive disease with a deadly fate in many cases. This book on NeuroAIDS provides a unique resource for both general neurologists as well as basic neuroscientists with profound interests for research on NeuroAIDS. This book has special emphasis on the mechanisms of disease development and progression of HIV-infected patients with NeuroAIDS. The contributors have provided the readers with comprehensive reviews on clinical manifestations of HAD, mechanisms of HIV entry into the central nervous system, the role of cytokines and chemokines in pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS, drug abuse and NeuroAIDS, virus load in HAD, allostasis in HIV and AIDS, stroke in AIDS patients, and neuroimaging of HIV infection of the central nervous system. In addition, there are chapters on Varicella Zoster virus infection of HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients, as well as the molecular basis for opioids and AIDS virus interactions.
As a core part of the central nervous system, the spinal cord has a distinctive role in the etiology and exacerbation of common and less common neurologic disorders. This issue of Neurologic Clinics will look at the spinal cord’s involvement in disorders arising generally in the CNS, as well as disorders based within the cord itself. Articles include: Spinal cord: A review of functional neuroanatomy; Infections of spinal cord; Multiple sclerosis and spinal cord; Transverse myelitis; Neuromyelitis optica; Vascular disorders of spinal cord; Spine and spinal cord trauma; Imaging of spinal cord: General principles; Toxic, nutritional, and metabolic deficiencies of spinal cord; Spinal cord: Motor neuron diseases; Spinal cord tumors: New views and future directions; Spinal cord and spasticity: A mechanistic view; Cervical spondylosis and stenosis; Autonomic nervous system disorders and spinal cord; Stiff person syndrome: What is new?; Sleep disorders in patients with spinal cord injury.
The Year Book of Neurology and Neurosurgery brings you abstracts of the articles that reported the year's breakthrough developments in neurology and neurosurgery, carefully selected from more than 500 journals worldwide. Expert commentaries evaluate the clinical importance of each article and discuss its application to your practice. There's no faster or easier way to stay informed! Readers will find information on a range of topics, including Movement Disorders, Infectious Diseases of the Nervous System, Neoplastic Disease, Pediatric Neurology and Neurosurgery, Cerebrovascular, Neuro-oncology, and Spine. The Year Book of Neurology and Neurosurgery is published annually in June.
This important subject of Diagnosis of and Treatment for Neurobehavioral manifestations of neurologic disease is directed by three leaders of this field - Dr. Alizeza Minagar, Dr. Glen Finney, and Dr. Kenneth Heilman. Topics include: Neurobehavioral testing for mental status; Behavioral neurology of vascular neurology; Alzheimer's disease; Frontotemporal dementia; Traumatic brain injury; Parkinsonian Syndromes (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal disease, multisystem atrophy); Behavioral neurology of multiple sclerosis and autoimmune encephalopathies; Infectious Diseases (Neuro-AIDS, Neurosyphilis, HSV); Neurobehavioral aspects of systemic disease; Neurobehavioral aspects of epilepsy; Behavioral neurology aspects of nutritional deficiencies; Neurobehavioral aspects of mitochondrial disease; and Medicinal-induced behavioral disorders.
As a core part of the central nervous system, the spinal cord has a distinctive role in the etiology and exacerbation of common and less common neurologic disorders. This issue of Neurologic Clinics will look at the spinal cord’s involvement in disorders arising generally in the CNS, as well as disorders based within the cord itself. Articles include: Spinal cord: A review of functional neuroanatomy; Infections of spinal cord; Multiple sclerosis and spinal cord; Transverse myelitis; Neuromyelitis optica; Vascular disorders of spinal cord; Spine and spinal cord trauma; Imaging of spinal cord: General principles; Toxic, nutritional, and metabolic deficiencies of spinal cord; Spinal cord: Motor neuron diseases; Spinal cord tumors: New views and future directions; Spinal cord and spasticity: A mechanistic view; Cervical spondylosis and stenosis; Autonomic nervous system disorders and spinal cord; Stiff person syndrome: What is new?; Sleep disorders in patients with spinal cord injury.
Many neurologic disorders can appear in quick and severe forms that require immediate medical attention. This issue of Neurologic Clinics features 14 articles on conditions that commonly present acutely, such as epilepsy, headache, visual loss, nervous system infections, ischemic stroke, head and spinal cord injury, and intracranial hemorrhage.
Multiple sclerosis [MS] is one of the most common auto-immune-mediated diseases of the human central nervous system [CNS] which affects young adults and usually causes significant neurological disability. Currently, the causes of MS are still unclear, a cure for MS remains elusive and the effectiveness of treatment varies significantly among individuals. Clinical features and neurological deficits stemming from this progressive neurological disease are diverse since MS potentially affects human CNS at all levels from brain to the end of spinal cord. The triggering event for development of MS remains unknown. Immunopathogenesis of MS involves a number of steps which include activation of peripheral leukocytes against putative CNS antigen(s), interactions of the activated leukocytes with inflamed cerebral endothelial cells, transendothelial migration of activated lymphocytes and macrophages to the CNS milieu, and further propagation of the massive immune response within the CNS. Such massive immune activation leads to loss of myelin-oligodendrocyte complex. Several immune cell types and mediators of the immune-inflammatory response actively contribute to pathogenesis of MS. Genetic factors are also believed to play a central role in the development of most forms of MS. Another important but much unrecognized and under-researched feature of MS immunopathology is “neurodegeneration.” Neuronal loss and axonal degeneration are the core components of irreversible and permanent CNS atrophy and disability in MS. What we call MS in reality is a heterogeneous group of diseases and at least four distinct immunopathological subtypes of MS with dissimilar responses to therapy with immunomodulatory agents exist. MS is a clinical diagnosis, however, its diagnostic process is much facilitated by utilization of laboratory and neuroimaging studies. Present therapies of MS are either immunomodulatory agents or immunosuppressive and mainly target the peripheral immune system with the intention to ameliorate the severity of acute relapses, decrease annual relapse rate, and improve MRI lesions. Currently, much research activity is being conducted to better understand the fundamental disease mechanisms of MS and find more effective and safer treatments for this incurable disease. This book presents an overview of MS as a disease with neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative features and the authors discuss the most recent findings about MS and its treatment. Table of Contents: Introduction / Clinical Features of Multiple Sclerosis / Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis / Neuroimaging of Multiple Sclerosis / Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis / Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis / Prognosis of Multiple Sclerosis / Concluding Remarks . References
During the past two decades, the world scientific community has witnessed major achievements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of HIV infection of the nervous system and HIV-Associated Dementia (HAD). Despite these giant gains, nervous system involvement during AIDS remains a relentlessly progressive disease with a deadly fate in many cases. This book on NeuroAIDS provides a unique resource for both general neurologists as well as basic neuroscientists with profound interests for research on NeuroAIDS. This book has special emphasis on the mechanisms of disease development and progression of HIV-infected patients with NeuroAIDS. The contributors have provided the readers with comprehensive reviews on clinical manifestations of HAD, mechanisms of HIV entry into the central nervous system, the role of cytokines and chemokines in pathogenesis of NeuroAIDS, drug abuse and NeuroAIDS, virus load in HAD, allostasis in HIV and AIDS, stroke in AIDS patients, and neuroimaging of HIV infection of the central nervous system. In addition, there are chapters on Varicella Zoster virus infection of HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients, as well as the molecular basis for opioids and AIDS virus interactions.
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