Essay from the year 2015 in the subject Law - Miscellaneous, grade: 1,0 (A), , language: English, abstract: The transportation of goods between exporters in one country and importers in another is one of the most important elements of international commerce and thus constitutes a significant part of an international sales contract. Even today, a large amount of cargo is still transported from one country to another by sea. Thus, bills of lading continue to play a crucial role. As defined by Lord Justice Blackburn in “Blackburn on the Contract of Sale” , a bill of lading is "[a] writing signed on behalf of the owner of ship in which goods are embarked, acknowledging the receipt of the Goods, and undertaking to deliver them at the end of the voyage, subject to such conditions as may be mentioned in the bill of lading." For a carrier, a bill of lading serves as evidence of a shipping contract and contains the terms of carriage. In particular, as any agreements not specified on the bill of lading do not affect third parties, the bill plays a crucial role in international trade. In terms of international universal rules which are applicable for international carriages, and especially bills of lading, the most influential sets of rules are the Hague Rules and the Hague-Visby Rules, as well as the Hamburg Rules. Accordingly, the responsibilities and liabilities of carriers in cases in where goods are being transported on the basis of bills of lading are determined by the Hague and the Hague-Visby Rules, which are widely accepted in this realm. The Hamburg Rules, in contrast to the previous two, has found itself under more political pressure from developed nations and hence defines responsibilities of carriers in a wider fashion. However, due to this, it has not been as widely ratified and is, thus, more limited in its application. However, due to the less wide net of the Hague-Visby Rules in relation to the period of responsibility as well as definitional issues regarding the limitation of liability and immunities of third parties in bills of lading, there is still a sense of uncertainty in the area of carriage contracts. These will be briefly discussed in the following. A particular focus will be placed on the issues in defining third parties and the mechanisms used to link the effects of tortious claims to contractual claims under international uniform law. This will be followed by an examination of the rationale and legitimacy issues of Himalaya clauses to grant third parties liability protection under universal international law.
Put essential information at your fingertips – before you prescribe. The updated 11th edition of Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk lists more than 1,200 commonly prescribed drugs taken during pregnancy and lactation, with detailed monographs that provide the information you need on known or possible effects on the mother, embryo, fetus, and nursing infant. For the 11th edition, this bestselling reference has two new authors, both highly knowledgeable on the effects of drugs on the embryo-fetus and nursing infant: Craig V. Towers, a maternal-fetal medicine specialist, and Alicia B. Forinash, a clinical pharmacologist specialist in obstetrics.
Just over fifty years ago on January 22, 1973, the United States Supreme Court decision on Roe v. Wade assured millions of women that abortion was a protected constitutional right due to a woman’s right to privacy. In the context of the burgeoning women’s rights movement, it seemed like an inalienable victory: women might become equal to men in their right to determine what would happen to their bodies. This was a hard-won fight that reached back to colonial America and slavery, but on June 24, 2022, the decision was shockingly reversed by the Supreme Court in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. What happened? What transpired socially, politically, legally, in religious institutions and in popular culture in the half-century when “the right to choose” led to this stunning transformation in American society? Roe v. Wade: Fifty Years After, coedited by Rhae Lynn Barnes and Catherine Clinton for the History in the Headlines series, brings together a team of world-renowned scholars, prizewinning historians, and Pulitzer Prize-winning public intellectuals who specialize in reproductive history. They assembled at Harvard University in the weeks following the Dobbs decision to talk through the centuries-long history of abortion in what became the United States, how its representation changed in the law and popular culture, and how a wellspring of social movements on both the right and left led to a fifty-year showdown over some of the most outstanding human questions: What is life? When does it begin? Who has the right to end it? Who has the right to determine what happens to someone else’s body? How can the law define and restrict women’s reproductive health? And how have race, class, geography, sexuality, and other factors shaped who gets to be a part of answering these questions? The international impact of the struggles for reproductive freedom for women within the United States comes into sharp focus within this important volume, shedding light on past, present, and future dimensions of reproductive freedom for all Americans.
Essential for ob/gyn physicians, primary care physicians, and any health care provider working with pregnant or postpartum women, Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk, 12th Edition, puts must-know information at your fingertips in seconds. An easy A-to-Z format lists more than 1,400 of the most commonly prescribed drugs taken during pregnancy and lactation, with detailed monographs designed to provide the most essential information on possible effects on the mother, embryo, fetus, and nursing infant.
Seminar paper from the year 2011 in the subject Economics - Job market economics, grade: 1.3, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, course: International Economics, language: English, abstract: One of the highest goals to achieve in an economy nowadays is something described by the term 'sustainable development'. This term takes more factors into account than just the measurement of the gross national product (GNP) to describe the well-being of a particular country. Simply defined, one could say that 'sustainable development' means that "the rate of change of development over time is generally positive over some selected time horizon". The actual development in this case can be seen as a vector of desirable social objectives. These could include amongst others: "increases in real income per capita, improvements in health and nutritional status, educational achievement, access to resources, a 'fairer' distribution of income and increases in basic freedoms." Many believe that the only way to really be able to achieve a sustainable development is through long-term investments in economic, human and environmental capital. A common shortcoming throughout the world is the fact, that the female half of its human capital is far from exhausted. Too often, women as human capital are undervalued and underutilized. For global economics this can be seen as an excessive deficit, which, if rectified, could result in many benefits for the world economy. In this manner studies have found, that if the world's female capital were used more efficiently, many positive outcomes could be achieved. The economic growth in all the countries of the world would increase lowering the number of people living in poverty. Also, "business performances and innovation would be enhanced." Even problems such as the fertility rates in the world could be counteracted, as the "fertility rates would rise in OECD countries and decline in non-OECD countries". However, this all still depends on engendered government policies, which in many cases are still up for discussion. This piece of work shall focus on the Global Gender Gap in particular, discussing the matter of encouraging economic wealth my means of gender equality. Notably the current discussion in Germany on the topic of a quota for the representation of female board members shall be examined more carefully.
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