How did the Shah of Iran become a modern despot? In 1953, Iranian monarch Mohammad-Reza Shah Pahlavi emerged victorious from a power struggle with his prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddeq, thanks to a coup masterminded by Britain and the United States. Mosaddeq believed the Shah should reign not rule, but the Shah was determined that no one would make him a mere symbol. In this meticulous political history, Ali Rahnema details Iran’s slow transition from constitutional to despotic monarchy. He examines the tug of war between the Shah, his political opposition, a nation in search of greater liberty, and successive US administrations with their changing priorities. He shows how the Shah gradually assumed control over the legislature, the judiciary, the executive, and the media, and clamped down on his opponents’ activities. By 1968, the Shah’s turn to despotism was complete. The consequences would be far-reaching.
In today's business in motion environments, workers expect to be connected to their critical business processes while on-the-go. It is imperative to deliver more meaningful user engagements by extending business processes to the mobile working environments. This IBM® Redbooks® publication provides an overview of the market forces that push organizations to reinvent their process with Mobile in mind. It describes IBM Mobile Smarter Process and explains how the capabilities provided by the offering help organizations to mobile-enable their processes. This book outlines an approach that organizations can use to identify where within the organization mobile technologies can offer the greatest benefits. It provides a high-level overview of the IBM Business Process Manager and IBM Worklight® features that can be leveraged to mobile-enable processes and accelerate the adoption of mobile technologies, improving time-to-value. Key IBM Worklight and IBM Business Process Manager capabilities are showcased in the examples included in this book. The examples show how to integrate with IBM BluemixTM as the platform to implement various supporting processes. This IBM Redbooks publication discusses architectural patterns for exposing business processes to mobile environments. It includes an overview of the IBM MobileFirst reference architecture and deployment considerations. Through use cases and usage scenarios, this book explains how to build and deliver a business process using IBM Business Process Manager and how to develop a mobile app that enables remote users to interact with the business process while on-the-go, using the IBM Worklight Platform. The target audience for this book consists of solution architects, developers, and technical consultants who will learn the following information: What is IBM Mobile Smarter Process Patterns and benefits of a mobile-enabled Smarter Process IBM BPM features to mobile-enable processes IBM Worklight features to mobile-enable processes Mobile architecture and deployment topology IBM BPM interaction patterns Enterprise mobile security with IBM Security Access Manager and IBM Worklight Implementing mobile apps to mobile-enabled business processes
IBM® Business Process Manager (IBM BPM) is a comprehensive business process management (BPM) suite that provides visibility and management of your business processes. IBM BPM supports the whole BPM lifecycle approach: Discover and document Plan Implement Deploy Manage Optimize Process owners and business owners can use this solution to engage directly in the improvement of their business processes. IBM BPM excels in integrating role-based process design, and provides a social BPM experience. It enables asset sharing and creating versions through its Process Center. The Process Center acts as a unified repository, making it possible to manage changes to the business processes with confidence. IBM BPM supports a wide range of standards for process modeling and exchange. Built-in analytics and search capabilities help to further improve and optimize the business processes. This IBM Redbooks® publication provides valuable information for project teams and business people that are involved in projects using IBM BPM. It describes the important design decisions that you face as a team. These decisions invariably have an effect on the success of your project. These decisions range from the more business-centric decisions, such as which should be your first process, to the more technical decisions, such as solution analysis and architectural considerations.
The integration of IBM® Enterprise Content Management (ECM) products with the Box for secure file sharing and collaboration opens new possibilities for achieving higher levels of capability within ECM. This IBM RedpaperTM publication describes how the integration of Box, IBM Content Navigator, IBM Case Manager, IBM Datacap, and IBM StoredIQ® products enables higher maturity in ECM, and distills the capabilities provided by each integration and the combination as a whole. By leveraging these IBM ECM technologies with Box, clients can realize the power of hybrid capabilities between on-premises and cloud systems. This paper shows you how to create an integrated, end-to-end solution that uses the capabilities of those IBM ECM products in conjunction with Box.
Today’s Iran is rarely out of the headlines. Labelled by George W Bush as a part of his ‘axis of evil’ and perceived as a real nuclear threat by some, Iran is increasingly seen as an enemy of the West. And yet for many Iran remains shrouded in mystery and incomprehensible to Western analysis. Modern Iran offers a comprehensive analysis and explanation of political, social and economic developments in Iran during the 20th century. Since it first published in 2003 Modern Iran has become a staple for students and lecturers wishing to gain a clear understand of the history of this strategically important Middle Eastern Country. The new edition will bring us up to dateand will include: an analysis of the successes and failures of the Khatami Presidency; an examination of the effect of 9/11; the rise of the Reform Movement and the efforts to promote Islamic Democracy; the resistance to democratisation among the hardline elites.
The first full-length study of Iranian nationalism in nearly five decades, this sophisticated and challenging book by the distinguished historian Ali M. Ansari explores the idea of nationalism in the creation of modern Iran. It does so by considering the broader developments in national ideologies that took place following the emergence of the European Enlightenment and showing how these ideas were adopted by a non-European state. Ansari charts a course through twentieth-century Iran, analysing the growth of nationalistic ideas and their impact on the state and demonstrating the connections between historiographical and political developments. In so doing, he shows how Iran's different regimes manipulated ideologies of nationalism and collective historical memory to suit their own ends. Drawing on hitherto untapped sources, the book concludes that it was the revolutionary developments and changes that occurred during the first half of the twentieth century that paved the way for later radicalisation.
Modern Iran since 1797 offers a comprehensive analysis of political, social and economic developments in Iran since the end of the eighteenth century. Spanning two centuries, the book provides historical context for Iran’s international relationships and its internal struggle to reconcile itself and its traditions with the modern world. The book presents an overview of this crucial period in Iran’s history, its emergence from the political turmoil of the eighteenth century through to its initial encounter with the industrial powers of Europe and its attempts to navigate the turbulent waters of European imperialism. It assesses the impact of European ideas on the triumph and tragedy of the Constitutional Revolution, which established the political template for the country going forward and against which all other political developments have been measured. This new edition has been updated to incorporate new scholarship and research to make a rounded assessment of recent developments and bring the text fully up to date. A substantive new prequel has also been added, covering the long nineteenth century from 1797 through to 1921, including a fuller and more detailed treatment both of the Constitutional Revolution and the events and ideology that underpinned it. Written in a clear, engaging style and highlighting Iran as a state and society grappling with the realities of the modern age, Modern Iran since 1797 remains the perfect guide for all those studying the history of modern Iran.
From the rise of constitutionalism during the rule of despotic Qajars, foreign invasions, the Pahlavi regimes' destructive politics, economic, cultural and social modernization efforts and the oil nationalization movement, to the Iranian Revolution, its high hopes, broken promises, repression and intolerance causing national discontent and another socio-political upheaval today, the history of modern Iran has been eventful, unstable and turbulent. In this textbook, Ali Rahnema draws on his experience teaching and researching on modern Iran to render one hundred years of modern Iranian politics and history into easy-to-follow episodic chapters. Step by step, and taking a chronological approach, students are given the core information, analysis, and critical assessment to understand the flow of contemporary Iranian history. This is a comprehensive and exhaustive guide for undergraduate and graduate level courses on modern Iranian history and politics. The textbook is complete with the following pedagogical features: * An initial chapter on how to study Iranian history and how to approach historiography * Images of key individuals discussed in each chapter * Text boxes throughout to highlight key episodes, concepts, and ideas *Three types of exam questions; factual and analytical, seminar, and discussion at the end of each chapter * Glossaries at the end of each chapter *A comprehensive timeline Topics covered include: party formations; the flourishing of the press; the expansion or reduction of political and civil rights; repression and human right abuses; foreign intervention and influence; obsessions over conspiracies; the influence of Western ideologies, the role of nationalism, cultural and historical Persian chauvinism; and Shi'i Islam and competing Shiisms.
Under pressure from the World Bank, the International Monetary Funds and the World Trade Organization governments of both industrialized and less developed nations have undertaken extensive reforms and reorganization to streamline their public sectors. This volume, with chapters written by authorities from around the world, provides information on administrative reform in varied nations. Following an introduction, which sets a theoretical framework, the book contains sections devoted to Asia, the Near/Middle East, Africa, and a comparison of East/South Europe and Asia. Administrative reform has become a widespread challenge to national and sub-national governments around the globe. Under pressure from the World Bank, the International Monetary Funds and the World Trade Organization governments of both industrialized and less developed nations have undertaken extensive reforms and reorganization to streamline their public sectors. This volume, with chapters written by authorities from around the world, provides information on administrative reform in varied nations. Developing nations face acute problems on a daily basis, making administrative reform an essential function of public administration. With chapters devoted to experiences in such nations as Korea, India, Iran, Turkey, the Arab States, Nigeria, and South Africa, this volume sheds valuable light on administrative reform in developing countries and provides lessons for future policy actions.
Iran refuses to relent in developing nuclear technology, despite U.N. sanctions. Rumors persist that Israel is drawing up plans for military strikes. Neither the emboldened Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad nor the embattled President Bush has relented in his war of words. How did we get here? Iran expert Ali Ansari sets the current crisis in the context of a long history of mutual antagonism. From the overthrow of Mosaddeq in 1953 to the hostage crisis in 1979 and, more recently, the Gulf War and the War in Iraq, both Iranian and American politicians have forged conflicting narratives about an "evil empire" lying half a world away-resulting in a mutual mistrust that may ultimately lead to war.
On 8 February 1971, Marxist revolutionaries attacked the gendarmerie outpost at the village of Siyahkal in Iran’s Gilan province. Barely two months later, the Iranian People’s Fada’i Guerrillas officially announced their existence and began a long, drawn-out urban guerrilla war against the Shah’s regime. In Call to Arms, Ali Rahnema provides a comprehensive history of the Fada’is, beginning by asking why so many of Iran’s best and brightest chose revolutionary Marxism in the face of absolutist rule. He traces how radicalised university students from different ideological backgrounds morphed into the Marxist Fada’is in 1971, and sheds light on their theory, practice and evolution. While the Fada’is failed to directly bring about the fall of the Shah, Rahnema shows they had a lasting impact on society and they ultimately saw their objective achieved.
This book provides a comprehensive commentary on the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Arbitration. Combining both theory and practice, it is written by leading academics and practitioners from Europe, Asia and the Americas to ensure the book has a balanced international coverage. The book not only provides an article-by-article critical analysis, but also incorporates information on the reality of legal practice in UNCITRAL jurisdictions, ensuring it is more than a recitation of case law and variations in legal text. This is not a handbook for practitioners needing a supportive citation, but rather a guide for practitioners, legislators and academics to the reasons the Model Law was structured as it was, and the reasons variations have been adopted.
Both revolutionary and reactionary, the Islamic Republic of Iran has long been a conundrum for Western observers. A theocracy that aspires to a popular mandate; an anti-colonial state with imperial pretensions of its own: modern Iran is in many ways a reflection of its struggle to reconcile its traditions with the challenges of modernity. In this book, Ali Ansari takes readers on a journey through Iran’s turbulent history. Beginning with the country’s fall from grace as a Great Power in the nineteenth century, he explores its repeated attempts to modernize in a series of revolutionary movements from the Constitutional Revolution of 1906 to the Islamic Revolution of 1979 and the civil unrest that is breaking out today. In so doing, he reveals how the experience of history and Iran’s encounter with ‘modernity’ have come to define it – and set it on an authoritarian path in confrontation with the West and, often, its own people.
A landmark history of the world economic order, exploring how developing countries have fought to escape impoverishment Over the past two decades, experiments in neoliberal economics have opened up a chasm of inequality between the Global South and the West. Development advice from richer nations has led to social upheaval, political unrest, environmental degradation--and even the creation of a new underclass. Brutal extremes of wealth and poverty are now commonplace. Ali A. Allawi traces the evolution of the world economic order from the late imperial era to the present day. Shedding light on continuing controversies, Allawi shows how the process of development has been hindered at every turn, from poor leadership and lost opportunities to widespread corruption. In doing so, he argues that the current neoliberal consensus is only the most recent of a series of failed policy imperatives. Covering issues in the Global South as well as failures in the West, this definitive account offers an impassioned and authoritative call for change.
Global banking and finance is a complex and specialized field with sector-specific investment forms, subject to distinctive legal and regulatory frameworks and unique types of political risk. This comprehensive guide to international investment protection in the finance and banking sector, written by acknowledged experts in the field of investor-State arbitration, provides the first in-depth discussion of how international investment law applies to investors and investments in the sector. Featuring expert guidance on the key legal protections for cross-border banking and finance investments, with complete and up-to-date coverage of investor-State cases, the analysis crystallizes a set of field-specific legal principles for the sector. In particular, the authors address the following practical aspects of investment protection in the banking and finance sector: how sector-specific forms of investment, such as loans and derivatives, impact the dispute resolution process; types of political risk that cross-border investments in the sector are likely to encounter; distinctive adverse sovereign measures that underlie disputes in the sector, including those from sovereign debt defaults and banking sector bailouts; specific treaty provisions, such as jurisdictional carve-outs and targeted exclusions; remedies available for violations of international investment protections; how monetary damages may be assessed for injury to banking and finance sector investments; the scope of financial services chapters included in certain free trade agreements; the protections available under domestic foreign investment laws; and alternative sources of protection such as political risk insurance and investment contracts. International disputes practitioners and academics, in-house counsel in the finance and banking industries, and arbitrators addressing banking and finance disputes will welcome this book for its practical guidance. With strategies for investors as well as for sovereign States to navigate the intricacies of the investment protection system, the authors’ comprehensive analysis will help ensure appropriate international protection for banking and finance sector investments, both when establishing investments and when resolving disputes. The book lays the groundwork for the future consolidation of international investment protection as a critical tool to manage the political risk confronting global banking and finance.
In this book, Ali Gheissari and Vali Nasr look at the political history of Iran in the modern era, and offer an in-depth analysis of the prospects for democracy to flourish there. After having produced the only successful Islamist challenge to the state, a revolution, and an Islamic Republic, Iran is now poised to produce a genuine and indigenous democratic movement in the Muslim world. Democracy in Iran is neither a sudden development nor a western import, and Gheissari and Nasr seek to understand why democracy failed to grow roots and lost ground to an autocratic Iranian state.
100 SOA Questions brings together authoritative answers to the most crucial questions business, technical, and architectural decision-makers ask about SOA. It draws on the immense experience of two SOA experts who’ve participated in more than 100 SOA projects in the roles of architect, designer, consultant, technical manager, and strategist. Organized to reflect the Open Group’s Open Services Integration Maturity Model (OSIMM), this book provides fast, convenient access to information about all facets of SOA planning, implementation, management, and utilization. This book will be an invaluable resource for all executives, architects, and practitioners who have just started their SOA journey or are well underway. In-depth answers to questions about SOA topics such as • SOA Concepts and Planning • Business Strategy • Organization and Support • Governance • Methods and Techniques • Applications • Architecture • Information Management • Infrastructure • The Future of SOA 100 SOA Questions answers the most critical questions executives and practitioners have about SOA. Kerrie Holley and Dr. Ali Arsanjani draw on their unsurpassed experience from hundreds of SOA projects conducted worldwide. • Why should business stakeholders care about SOA? • What is the return on investment (ROI) of SOA adoption? • What is flexibility and how does SOA deliver on this promise? • Should service development be centralized in service centers? • How should services be identified or specified to maximize reuse? • How do SOA methods reduce the lifetime costs for applications? • How can organizational barriers to SOA success be removed? • What changes with application development when SOA is introduced? • How does architecture change as a result of SOA adoption? • What is a canonical message model? • How does the SOA infrastructure support events? • What are context-aware services?
IBM® Business Process Manager (IBM BPM) is a comprehensive business process management (BPM) suite that provides visibility and management of your business processes. IBM BPM supports the whole BPM lifecycle approach: Discover and document Plan Implement Deploy Manage Optimize Process owners and business owners can use this solution to engage directly in the improvement of their business processes. IBM BPM excels in integrating role-based process design, and provides a social BPM experience. It enables asset sharing and creating versions through its Process Center. The Process Center acts as a unified repository, making it possible to manage changes to the business processes with confidence. IBM BPM supports a wide range of standards for process modeling and exchange. Built-in analytics and search capabilities help to further improve and optimize the business processes. This IBM Redbooks® publication provides valuable information for project teams and business people that are involved in projects using IBM BPM. It describes the important design decisions that you face as a team. These decisions invariably have an effect on the success of your project. These decisions range from the more business-centric decisions, such as which should be your first process, to the more technical decisions, such as solution analysis and architectural considerations.
In today's business in motion environments, workers expect to be connected to their critical business processes while on-the-go. It is imperative to deliver more meaningful user engagements by extending business processes to the mobile working environments. This IBM® Redbooks® publication provides an overview of the market forces that push organizations to reinvent their process with Mobile in mind. It describes IBM Mobile Smarter Process and explains how the capabilities provided by the offering help organizations to mobile-enable their processes. This book outlines an approach that organizations can use to identify where within the organization mobile technologies can offer the greatest benefits. It provides a high-level overview of the IBM Business Process Manager and IBM Worklight® features that can be leveraged to mobile-enable processes and accelerate the adoption of mobile technologies, improving time-to-value. Key IBM Worklight and IBM Business Process Manager capabilities are showcased in the examples included in this book. The examples show how to integrate with IBM BluemixTM as the platform to implement various supporting processes. This IBM Redbooks publication discusses architectural patterns for exposing business processes to mobile environments. It includes an overview of the IBM MobileFirst reference architecture and deployment considerations. Through use cases and usage scenarios, this book explains how to build and deliver a business process using IBM Business Process Manager and how to develop a mobile app that enables remote users to interact with the business process while on-the-go, using the IBM Worklight Platform. The target audience for this book consists of solution architects, developers, and technical consultants who will learn the following information: What is IBM Mobile Smarter Process Patterns and benefits of a mobile-enabled Smarter Process IBM BPM features to mobile-enable processes IBM Worklight features to mobile-enable processes Mobile architecture and deployment topology IBM BPM interaction patterns Enterprise mobile security with IBM Security Access Manager and IBM Worklight Implementing mobile apps to mobile-enabled business processes
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