World-class science and technology developed in the Soviet Union during Stalin's dictatorial rule under conditions of political violence, lack of international contacts, and severe restrictions on the freedom of information. Stalin's Great Science: The Times and Adventures of Soviet Physicists is an invaluable book that investigates this paradoxical success by following the lives and work of Soviet scientists — including Nobel Prize-winning physicists Kapitza, Landau, and others — throughout the turmoil of wars, revolutions, and repression that characterized the first half of Russia's twentieth century.The book examines how scientists operated within the Soviet political order, communicated with Stalinist politicians, built a new system of research institutions, and conducted groundbreaking research under extraordinary circumstances. Some of their novel scientific ideas and theories reflected the influence of Soviet ideology and worldview and have since become accepted universally as fundamental concepts of contemporary science. In the process of making sense of the achievements of Soviet science, the book dismantles standard assumptions about the interaction between science, politics, and ideology, as well as many dominant stereotypes — mostly inherited from the Cold War — about Soviet history in general. Science and technology were not only granted unprecedented importance in Soviet society, but they also exerted a crucial formative influence on the Soviet political system itself. Unlike most previous studies, Stalin's Great Science recognizes the status of science as an essential element of the Soviet polity and explores the nature of a special relationship between experts (scientists and engineers) and communist politicians that enabled the initial rise of the Soviet state and its mature accomplishments, until the pact eroded in later years, undermining the communist regime from within.
This book is a course in modern quantum field theory as seen through the eyes of a theorist working in condensed matter physics. It contains a gentle introduction to the subject and therefore can be used even by graduate students. The introductory parts include a derivation of the path integral representation, Feynman diagrams and elements of the theory of metals including a discussion of Landau–Fermi liquid theory. In later chapters the discussion gradually turns to more advanced methods used in the theory of strongly correlated systems. The book contains a thorough exposition of such non-perturbative techniques as 1/N-expansion, bosonization (Abelian and non-Abelian), conformal field theory and theory of integrable systems. The book is intended for graduate students, postdoctoral associates and independent researchers working in condensed matter physics.
After being an open question for sixty years the Tarski conjecture was answered in the affirmative by Olga Kharlampovich and Alexei Myasnikov and independently by Zlil Sela. Both proofs involve long and complicated applications of algebraic geometry over free groups as well as an extension of methods to solve equations in free groups originally developed by Razborov. This book is an examination of the material on the general elementary theory of groups that is necessary to begin to understand the proofs. This material includes a complete exposition of the theory of fully residually free groups or limit groups as well a complete description of the algebraic geometry of free groups. Also included are introductory material on combinatorial and geometric group theory and first-order logic. There is then a short outline of the proof of the Tarski conjectures in the manner of Kharlampovich and Myasnikov.
The Uncertainty Principle in Harmonic Analysis (UP) is a classical, yet rapidly developing, area of modern mathematics. Its first significant results and open problems date back to the work of Norbert Wiener, Andrei Kolmogorov, Mark Krein and Arne Beurling. At present, it encompasses a large part of mathematics, from Fourier analysis, frames and completeness problems for various systems of functions to spectral problems for differential operators and canonical systems. These notes are devoted to the so-called Toeplitz approach to UP which recently brought solutions to some of the long-standing problems posed by the classics. After a short overview of the general area of UP the discussion turns to the outline of the new approach and its results. Among those are solutions to Beurling's Gap Problem in Fourier analysis, the Type Problem on completeness of exponential systems, a problem by Pólya and Levinson on sampling sets for entire functions, Bernstein's problem on uniform polynomial approximation, problems on asymptotics of Fourier integrals and a Toeplitz version of the Beurling-Malliavin theory. One of the main goals of the book is to present new directions for future research opened by the new approach to the experts and young analysts. A co-publication of the AMS and CBMS.
This book deals with the new class of one-dimensional variational problems — the problems with branching solutions. Instead of extreme curves (mappings of a segment to a manifold) we investigate extreme networks, which are mappings of graphs (one-dimensional cell complexes) to a manifold. Various applications of the approach are presented, such as several generalizations of the famous Steiner problem of finding the shortest network spanning given points of the plane.
This pioneering work treats the Ukrainian question in Russian imperial policy and its importance for the intelligentsia of the empire. Miller sets the Russian Empire in the context of modernizing and occasionally nationalizing great power states and discusses the process of incorporating the Ukraine, better known as "Little Russia" in that time, into the Romanov Empire in the late 18th and 19th centuries. This territorial expansion evolved into a competition of mutually exclusive concepts of Russian and Ukrainian nation-building projects.
Prof. Baev presents in his book the development of the thermodynamic theory of specific intermolecular interactions for a wide spectrum of organic compounds: ethers, ketones, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and hydrocarbons. The fundamentals of an unconventional approach to the theory of H-bonding and specific interactions are formulated based on a concept of pentacoordinate carbon atoms. New types of hydrogen bonds and specific interactions are substantiated and on the basis of the developed methodology their energies are determined. The system of interconnected quantitative characteristics of the stability of specific intermolecular interactions is presented. The laws of their transformations are discussed and summarized. The new concept of the extra stabilizing effect of isomeric methyl groups on the structure and stability of organic molecules is introduced and the destabilization action on specific interactions is outlined.
Problem Solving in Theoretical Physics" helps students mastering their theoretical physics courses by posing advanced problems and providing their solutions - along with discussions of their physical significance and possibilities for generalization and transfer to other fields.
22 June 1941 changed the direction of the Second World War. It also changed the direction of human history. Unleashing a massive, three-pronged assault into Soviet territory, the German army unwittingly created its own nemesis, forging the modern Russian state in the process. Thus, for most Russians, 22 June 1941 was a critical point in their nation's history. After the first day of Barbarossa nothing would be the same again for anyone. Now, for the first time in English, Russians speak of their experiences on that fatal Sunday. Apparently caught off guard by Hitlers initiative, the Soviets struggled to make sense of a disaster that had seemingly struck from nowhere. Here are generals scrambling to mobilize ill-prepared divisions, pilots defying orders not to grapple with the mighty Luftwaffe, bewildered soldiers showing individual acts of blind courage, and civilians dumbstruck by air raid sirens and radio broadcasts telling of German treachery.
Separation of Variables and Exact Solutions to Nonlinear PDEs is devoted to describing and applying methods of generalized and functional separation of variables used to find exact solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). It also presents the direct method of symmetry reductions and its more general version. In addition, the authors describe the differential constraint method, which generalizes many other exact methods. The presentation involves numerous examples of utilizing the methods to find exact solutions to specific nonlinear equations of mathematical physics. The equations of heat and mass transfer, wave theory, hydrodynamics, nonlinear optics, combustion theory, chemical technology, biology, and other disciplines are studied. Particular attention is paid to nonlinear equations of a reasonably general form that depend on one or several arbitrary functions. Such equations are the most difficult to analyze. Their exact solutions are of significant practical interest, as they are suitable to assess the accuracy of various approximate analytical and numerical methods. The book contains new material previously unpublished in monographs. It is intended for a broad audience of scientists, engineers, instructors, and students specializing in applied and computational mathematics, theoretical physics, mechanics, control theory, chemical engineering science, and other disciplines. Individual sections of the book and examples are suitable for lecture courses on partial differential equations, equations of mathematical physics, and methods of mathematical physics, for delivering special courses and for practical training.
Designer Surfaces presents an approach to the design and fabrication of optical elements that are based on the use of one- or two-dimensional randomly rough surfaces to reflect or transmit light in specified ways. The reader is provided with an introduction to analytical methods for the solution of direct problems in rough surface scattering, and fabrication techniques. These can be useful in contexts outside the scope of this book. The advantages and disadvantages of this stochastic approach compared to the diffractive optics approach are discussed. Finally, experimental results that verify the predictions of the theories developed in this book are presented. - Authority of authors - The only book on the topic - Derivations are given in detail, with many figures illustrating results
Tried and True for More than Two Centuries The Scotch Game is a solid opening that has been tried and tested in practice by some of the strongest chessplayers in the world for more than two centuries. The idea behind the Scotch Game is simple and easily understandable. White eliminates – in a purely mechanical fashion – Black’s e5-pawn which initially impedes his ambition to dominate in the center. This is very appealing for White, as he controls the direction of the struggle’s development, while Black can only try to keep pace. Furthermore, there are relatively simple schemes in the white repertoire in which it is enough to remember the main plans of both sides and typical maneuvers. This is the second edition of Vladimir Barsky’s book that first appeared in 2009. The new edition consists of seven chapters dealing with the core ideas and variations of the Scotch, supplemented by 79 Illustrative Games. The authors not only present detailed analysis of all lines but are also careful to discuss the ideas behind the opening. If you already play the Scotch, you need this book. If you don’t, find out what you have been missing.
The focus of algorithmic group theory shifted from the decidability/undecidability type of result to the complexity of algorithms. This title contains papers that reflect that paradigm shift. It presents articles that are based on the AMS/ASL Joint Special Session, Interactions Between Logic, Group Theory and Computer Science.
This book deals with fundamental problems, concepts, and methods of multiparameter stability theory with applications in mechanics. It presents recent achievements and knowledge of bifurcation theory, sensitivity analysis of stability characteristics, general aspects of nonconservative stability problems, analysis of singularities of boundaries for the stability domains, stability analysis of multiparameter linear periodic systems, and optimization of structures under stability constraints. Systems with finite degrees of freedom and with continuous models are both considered. The book combines mathematical foundation with interesting classical and modern mechanical problems.A number of mechanical problems illustrating how bifurcations and singularities change the behavior of systems and lead to new physical phenomena are discussed. Among these problems, the authors consider systems of rotating bodies, tubes conveying fluid, elastic columns under the action of periodic and follower forces, optimization problems for conservative systems, etc. The methods presented are constructive and easy to implement in computer programs.This book is addressed to graduate students, academics, researchers, and practitioners in aerospace, naval, civil, and mechanical engineering. No special background is needed; just a basic knowledge of mathematics and mechanics.
This edition has been called ‘startlingly up-to-date’, and in this corrected second printing you can be sure that it’s even more contemporaneous. It surveys from a unified point of view both the modern state and the trends of continuing development in various branches of number theory. Illuminated by elementary problems, the central ideas of modern theories are laid bare. Some topics covered include non-Abelian generalizations of class field theory, recursive computability and Diophantine equations, zeta- and L-functions. This substantially revised and expanded new edition contains several new sections, such as Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, and relevant techniques coming from a synthesis of various theories.
Examines the relationship between three different areas of mathematics and theoretical computer science: combinatorial group theory, cryptography, and complexity theory. It explores how non-commutative (infinite) groups can be used in public key cryptography. It also shows that there is remarkable feedback from cryptography to combinatorial group theory because some of the problems motivated by cryptography appear to be new to group theory.
This book examines the influence of Indian socio-political thought, ideas, and culture on German Romantic nationalism. It suggests that, contrary to the traditional view that the concepts of nationalism have moved exclusively from the West to the rest of the world, in the crucial case of German nationalism, the essential intellectual underpinnings of the nationalist discourse came to the West, not from the West. The book demonstrates how the German Romantic fascination with India resulted in the adoption of Indian models of identity and otherness and ultimately shaped German Romantic nationalism. The author illustrates how Indian influence renovated the scholarly design of German nationalism and, at the same time, became central to pre-modern and pre-nationalist models of identity, which later shaped the Aryan myth. Focusing on the scholarship of Friedrich Schlegel, Otmar Frank, Joseph Goerres, and Arthur Schopenhauer, the book shows how, in explaining the fact of the diversity of languages, peoples, and cultures, the German Romantics reproduced the Indian narrative of the degradation of some Indo-Aryan clans, which led to their separation from the Aryan civilization. An important resource for the nexus between Indology and Orientalism, German Indian Studies and studies of nationalism, this book will be of interest to researchers working in the fields of history, European and South Asian area studies, philosophy, political science, and IR theory.
This book examines mass shootings and attempted shootings that occurred across 16 countries in Central and Eastern Europe, known as post-communist states. This region of the world has been described by social scientists as possessing specific social, cultural, and political characteristics which may mean that mass shootings in this part of the world are driven by distinct causal factors in comparison to those in North America and elsewhere. This book explores trends and patterns that underpin cases in this under-explored region and tests whether Cumulative Strain Theory can account for mass shooting occurrences. It uses in-depth qualitative analysis to examine select case studies in one chapter, followed by a chapter which uses quantitative methods to identify trends across a wider set of cases and to test the theoretically-driven hypotheses. This data is then compared with data in the US. This book draws on a wide range of media, forensic and court reports and provides methodological insights and discussions of future trends including the potential incidental increase of mass shootings in these regions. It also engages in recent public policy debates pertaining to firearm ownership and regulation.
This book presents the dynamics of spinning bodies, the most confusing topic in Classical Mechanics, using both Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations. Choosing the variational problem as a sole starting point, it treats the rigid body as a system of particles with holonomic constraints within the standard methods of classical mechanics, eliminating the need for additional postulates. All basic quantities, equations, and integrals of motion are derived systematically. The rotation matrix, central to the formalism, is the main focus. The reader should find this approach more simple, transparent, and convincing than the traditional presentations. Chapter 2 covers the theory, while subsequent chapters apply the formalism to motions under external forces. Issues of integrability and many cases of solutions in elementary functions are presented. This book is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students familiar with classical mechanics.
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