Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme that degrades the essential amino acid tryptophan independent of the process that maintains normal tryptophan homeostasis. In recent years, interest in IDO and the tryptophan catabolic pathway it feeds into has grown rapidly with the discovery that IDO activity is critical for generating tolerance to foreign antigens in a variety of tissue microenvironments. In cancer, IDO is overexpressed in both tumor cells and stromal cells where it promotes the establishment of peripheral tolerance to tumor antigens. By helping tumor cells escape T-cell-dependent immune attack, IDO contributes to pathogenic inflammatory states which permit tumor survival and outgrowth. In preclinical studies, small molecule inhibitors of IDO can reverse this mechanism of immune escape. Notably, in combinatorial treatment regimens, IDO inhibition strongly leverages the efficacy of classical cancer chemotherapeutic agents, causing the regression of tumors that are otherwise largely resistant to treatment. Based on these findings, clinical evaluation of IDO inhibitors for cancer treatment is currently ongoing. After presenting a historical background on the discovery and early studies of this enzyme, this chapter focuses on work that defines IDO as an important mediator of pathogenic inflammation and cancer, and summarizes the development of IDO inhibitors as potential anticancer modalities.
If our bodies could do more things, would our lives be better? Genome editing is a rapidly developing technology that can modify human genes. It can cure heritable diseases, but we could even make certain genetic “improvements” to healthy people. Should we change human embryos genetically to achieve such goals? Bringing together a leading molecular biologist and a Christian ethicist this book responds to the need for solid information and helpful orientation for a pressing moral issue. They explain relevant technical issues without the jargon, clarify the most important philosophical and religious arguments and bring empirical insights to the question of what helps us lead meaningful lives.
Noting a marked lack of comprehensiveness and/or contemporaneity among typical reference works on chemical etymology, as well as a somewhat spotty coverage of chemical terms and their etymology in comprehensive dictionaries and textbooks the author decided to write an up-to-date desk reference on chemical etymology which would satisfy the needs of casual readers as well as those of more demanding users of etymological lore. Characteristic user-friendly features of the present work include avoidance of cumbersome abbreviations, avoidance of entries in foreign alphabets, and a broad coverage of all chemical disciplines including mineralogy. Biological, medical, geological, physical and mathematical terms are only considered where they appear of interest to mainstream chemists. This book does not provide definitions of terms (unless required in the etymological context) nor guidance as to the timeliness of different nomenclature systems. The typical user will from the outset be well aware of the exact meaning of the terms he or she focuses on and only require the etymological background to be used. Examples of sources which have been drawn upon in the preparation of this book, apart from the extremely useful Internet resource Google, are listed, but an exhausting enumeration would be tiresome and impractical.. * an up-to-date desk reference on chemical etymology * characteristic user-friendly features * broad coverage of all chemical disciplines
The concept of "The Least Dangerous Branch: the Supreme Court at the Bar of Politics" is something of a departure from all recent literature on the Supreme Court. The book attempts to state and substantiate a conception of the Supreme Court of the United States that is consistent with the theory and practice of political democracy. The author focuses on the Court's complex relationship with the nation's political institutions, in the context not only of what are conventionally regarded as great Constitutional cases, but also of jurisdictional and other adjudications that are usually ignored. Detailed treatment is given to cases concerned with film censorship, anti-birth-control legislation, Congressional investigations, loyalty and security dismissals, legislative apportionment, and segregation.
Plasma Science and Technology An accessible introduction to the fundamentals of plasma science and its applications In Plasma Science and Technology: Lectures in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Engineering, distinguished researcher Dr. Alexander Fridman delivers a comprehensive introduction to plasma technology, including fulsome descriptions of the fundamentals of plasmas and discharges. The author discusses a wide variety of practical applications of the technology to medicine, energy, catalysis, coatings, and more, emphasizing engineering and science fundamentals. Offering readers illuminating problems and concept questions to support understanding and self-study, the book also details organic and inorganic applications of plasma technologies, demonstrating its use in nature, in the lab, and in both novel and well-known applications. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the kinetics of excited atoms and molecules Comprehensive explorations of non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure cold discharges Practical discussions of plasma processing in microelectronics and other micro-technologies Expert treatments of plasma in environmental control technologies, including the cleaning of air, exhaust gases, water, and soil Perfect for students of chemical engineering, physics, and chemistry, Plasma Science and Technology will also benefit professionals working in these fields who seek a contemporary refresher in the fundamentals of plasma science and its applications.
This study analyzes carbon-cycle conditions controlling the state of the Arctic ecosystem and their seasonal variations. Territory covered includes the Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East-Siberian and Chukchi Seas, considering inter-correlations between sources of organic carbon, their fluxes, recycling and burial in bottom sediments. All biological communities (phythoplankton, macrophythobenthos, microphythobentos, bacterioplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos) are taken into account regarding their participation in the carbon cycle.
This is the ideal resource for all those requiring an authoritative and up-to-date review of imaging appearances of diseases of the lung, pleura and mediastinum. Chest radiography and CT are integrated with other imaging techniques, including MRI and PET, where appropriate. The clinical and pathologic features of different diseases are provided in varying degrees of detail with more in depth coverage given to rarer and less well understood conditions. A single volume, comprehensive reference text on chest radiology.Provides in a single resource all of the information a generalist in diagnostic radiology needs to know. Concisely and clearly written by a team of 4 internationally recognized authors.Avoids the inconsistency, repetition, and unevenness of coverage that is inherent in multi-contributed books. Multimodality coverage integrated throughout every chapter.All of the applicable imaging modalities are covered in a clinically relevant, diagnostically helpful way. Approximately 3,000 high quality, good-sized images.Provides a complete visual guide that the practitioner can refer to for help in interpretation and diagnosis. Covers both common and uncommon disorders.Provides the user with a single comprehensive resource, no need to consult alternative resources. Access the full text online and download images via Expert Consult Access the latest version of the Fleischner Society's glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Outlines, summary boxes, key points used throughout.Makes content more accessible by highlighting essential information. Brand new color images to illustrate Functional imaging techniques.Many of the new imaging techniques can provide functional as well as anatomic information. Introduction of a second color throughout in summary boxes in order to better highlight key information. There’s a wealth of key information in the summary boxes—will be highlighted more from the narrative text and will therefore be easier to access. Practical tips on identifying anatomic variants and artefacts in order to avoid diagnostic pitfalls.Many misdiagnoses are the result of basic errors in correlating the anatomic changes seen with imaging to their underlying pathologic processes. Latest techniques in CT, MRI and PET as they relate to thoracic diseases. The pace of development in imaging modalities and new applications/refined techniques in existing modalities continues to drive radiology forward as a specialty. Emphasis on cost-effective image/modality selection.Addresses the hugely important issue of cost-containment by emphasizing which imaging modality is helpful and which is not in any given clinical diagnosis. COPD and Diffuse Lung Disease, Small Airway disease chapters extensively up-dated. Access the full text online and download images via Expert Consult Access the latest version of the Fleischner Society's glossary of terms for thoracic imaging.
A sixth edition of this book is now available. Now in a fully updated fifth edition, this premier text has been thoroughly revised to reflect the sweeping changes the past decade has brought to Europe. Long hailed for its creativity and intellectual depth, the book is now further enriched by the expertise of a new lead author, noted geographer Alexander B. Murphy. In this edition, he has focused on Europe's role in the wider world and incorporated new research and teaching approaches in regional geography. The topical organization including environment, ethnicity, religion, language, demography, politics, industry, and urban and rural life offers students a holistic understanding of the diverse European culture area.
Schon um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts verfügten die deutschen Bergleute mit den zahlreichen lokalen Knappschaftsvereinen über ein eigenes institutionalisiertes Sozialversicherungssystem mit einer langen, ins Mittelalter zurückreichenden Tradition. Ihren Mitgliedern boten die Knappschaftsvereine Versicherungsschutz gegen die wesentlichen Daseinsrisiken Krankheit, Invalidität, Tod des Ernährers der Familie und Langlebigkeit. Mit Blick auf die Periode zwischen Knappschaftsgesetz einerseits und Gründung der Reichsknappschaft andererseits (1854-1923) untersucht diese Arbeit ein versicherungsökonomisches Problem, über das bereits die zeitgenössischen Beobachter der Knappschaftsvereine intensiv diskutierten: Wie ist die optimale Größe eines Sozialversicherungsträgers zu bestimmen und zu implementieren? Gibt es überhaupt eine „optimale“ Größe? Oder gilt nicht vielmehr „je größer, desto besser“? Vor dem Hintergrund zweier ökonomischer Kategorien – versicherungstechnisches Risikos und Verwaltungseffizienz – werden diese Fragen am konkreten historischen Beispiel der preußischen Knappschaftsvereine untersucht. Obwohl die jüngere Historiographie die außerordentliche Bedeutung der Knappschaftsvereine des 19. Jahrhunderts als eines der ersten Sozialversicherungssysteme überhaupt herausgestellt hat, stellt deren Wirtschafts- bzw. Versicherungsgeschichte ein Forschungsdesiderat dar. Diese Arbeit füllt zu einem gewissen Grad diese Forschungslücke, indem sie auf ein historisches Phänomen fokussiert, dessen Analyse nicht ohne den direkten Bezug auf grundlegende ökonomische Zusammenhänge auskommt: der zu beobachtende Prozess interner und insbesondere externer Konzentration innerhalb der Knappschaftsvereine, der spätestens mit dem frühen 1870iger Jahren einsetzte und in der Gründung der Reichsknappschaft kulminierte.
This book provides an outline of theoretical concepts and their experimental verification in studies of self-organization phenomena in chemical systems, as they emerged in the mid-20th century and have evolved since. Presenting essays on selected topics, it was prepared by authors who have made profound contributions to the field. Traditionally, physical chemistry has been concerned with interactions between atoms and molecules that produce a variety of equilibrium structures - or the 'dead' order - in a stationary state. But biological cells exhibit a different 'living' kind of order, prompting E. Schrödinger to pose his famous question “What is life?” in 1943. Through an unprecedented theoretical and experimental development, it was later revealed that biological self-organization phenomena are in complete agreement with the laws of physics, once they are applied to a special class of thermodynamically open systems and non-equilibrium states. This knowledge has in turn led to the design and synthesis of simple inorganic systems capable of self-organization effects. These artificial 'living organisms' are able to operate on macroscopic to microscopic scales, even down to single-molecule machines. In the future, such research could provide a basis for a technological breakthrough, comparable in its impact with the invention of lasers and semiconductors. Its results can be used to control natural chemical processes, and to design artificial complex chemical processes with various functionalities. The book offers an extensive discussion of the history of research on complex chemical systems and its future prospects.
**This ebook version of The Biblical Illustrator - Pastoral Commentary on 1 Peter contains nearly 1200 pages of commentary! What if Charles Spurgeon helped you prepare next Sunday’s sermon? Or what if you could talk over your preaching with Joseph Parker, Richard Baxter, Henry Ward Beecher and H. P. Liddon. Do you think it would make a difference to get the input of some of the greatest preachers who ever lived? That’s precisely what Joseph Exell had in mind when he put together the massive series of volumes called The Biblical Illustrator. In what can only be called a Herculean feat, he spent years gathering preaching notes and sermon outlines from the very best preachers of his day (in the late 1800s and early 1900s), and he did it covering every book of the Bible. And it is amazingly comprehensive. Exell approached his task by taking every verse in the Bible and seeking to discover how it has been preached in the past. Though there is plenty of exegetical material here, this is not primarily a commentary. This series is for preachers, teachers, Bible students and anyone else looking for penetrating pastoral insights from some of the all-time greats of the faith.
Odessa, 1941-1944 is a comprehensive study of the Romanian administration in Odessa and Transnistria during World War II. It draws a sharp contrast between occupation policies in Odessa and Transnistria, under Romanian administration, and those of Nazi-occupied areas of the Soviet Union. Originally prepared as a Rand Corporation report, it is essential reading for anyone interested in the occupation of Soviet territory during World War II and its consequences.Alexander Dallin provides a detailed study of the Romanian administration in Transnistria, illustrating important aspects of the development of this Soviet territory after the removal of the Communist system. Dallin argues that “ The absence of terror and forced labor, and greater opportunities for self-expression, both economic and cultural, go far to explain the overwhelming popular preference for Romanian over German rule.” A noted expert in Soviet history, Alexander Dallin (1924-2000) was a former president of the American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies and professor emeritus at Stanford University in California. The book includes an introduction by Larry L. Watts, an American specialist on Romania during World War II.
In recent years, increasing concern has been voiced about the nature and extent of human experimentation and its impact on the investigator, subject, science, and society. This casebook represents the first attempt to provide comprehensive materials for studying the human experimentation process. Through case studies from medicine, biology, psychology, sociology, and law—as well as evaluative materials from many other disciplines—Dr. Katz examines the problems raised by human experimentation from the vantage points of each of its major participants—investigator, subject, professions, and state. He analyzes what kinds of authority should be delegated to these participants in the formulation, administration, and review of the human experimentation process. Alternative proposals, from allowing investigators a completely free hand to imposing centralized governmental control, are examined from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The conceptual framework of Experimentation with Human Beings is designed to facilitate not only the analysis of such concepts as "harm," "benefit," and "informed consent," but also the exploration of the problems raised by man's quest for knowledge and mastery, his willingness to risk human life, and his readiness to delegate authority to professionals and rely on their judgment.
Once a vibrant part of religious life for many Pennsylvania Germans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Fraktur manuscripts today are primarily studied for their decorative qualities. The Word in the Wilderness takes a different view, probing these documents for what they tell us about the lived religious experiences of the Protestant communities that made and used them and opening avenues for reinterpretation of this well-known, if little understood, set of cultural artifacts. The resplendent illuminated religious manuscripts commonly known as Fraktur have captivated collectors and scholars for generations. Yet fundamental questions about their cultural origins, purpose, and historical significance remain. Alexander Lawrence Ames addresses these by placing Fraktur manuscripts within a “Pietist paradigm,” grounded in an understanding of how their makers viewed “the Word,” or scripture. His analysis combines a sweeping overview of Protestant Christian religious movements in Europe and early America with close analysis of key Pennsylvania devotional manuscripts, revealing novel insights into the religious utility of calligraphy, manuscript illumination, and devotional reading as Protestant spiritual enterprises. Situating the manuscripts in the context of transatlantic religious history, early American spirituality, material culture studies, and the history of book and manuscript production, Ames challenges long-held approaches to Pennsylvania German studies and urges scholars to engage with these texts and with their makers and users on their own terms. Featuring dozens of illustrations, this lively, engaging book will appeal to Fraktur scholars and enthusiasts, historians of early America, and anyone interested in the material culture and spiritual practices of the German-speaking residents of Pennsylvania.
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