This book highlights the analysis of new azimuth-independent methods of Stokes polarimetry and Mueller-matrix reconstruction of distributions of optical anisotropy parameters using spatial-frequency filtering of manifestations of phase (linear and circular birefringence) and amplitude (linear and circular dichroism) anisotropy for diagnosing changes in the orientational-phase structure of fibrillar networks of histological sections of biological tissues and polycrystalline films of biological fluids.
The mathematical description of complex spatiotemporal behaviour observed in dissipative continuous systems is a major challenge for modern research in applied mathematics. While the behaviour of low-dimensional systems, governed by the dynamics of a finite number of modes is well understood, systems with large or unbounded spatial domains show intrinsic infinite-dimensional behaviour --not a priori accessible to the methods of finite dimensionaldynamical systems. The purpose of the four contributions in this book is to present some recent and active lines of research in evolution equations posed in large or unbounded domains. One of the most prominent features of these systems is the propagation of various types of patterns in the form of waves, such as travelling and standing waves and pulses and fronts. Different approaches to studying these kinds of phenomena are discussed in the book. A major theme is the reduction of an original evolution equation in the form of a partial differential equation system to a simpler system of equations, either a system of ordinary differential equation or a canonical system of PDEs. The study of the reduced equations provides insight into the bifurcations from simple to more complicated solutions and their stabilities. .
“[A] superb study of Russian cultural memory makes all too clear, ghosts of the unburied dead affect literature, art, public life and mental health too.” —The Economist After Stalin’s death in 1953, the Soviet Union dismantled the enormous system of terror and torture that he had created. But there has never been any Russian ban on former party functionaries, nor any external authority to dispense justice. Memorials to the Soviet victims are inadequate, and their families have received no significant compensation. This book’s premise is that late Soviet and post-Soviet culture, haunted by its past, has produced a unique set of memorial practices. More than twenty years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia remains “the land of the unburied”: the events of the mid-twentieth century are still very much alive, and still contentious. Alexander Etkind shows how post-Soviet Russia has turned the painful process of mastering the past into an important part of its political present. “Every page contains fresh, striking insights, not only in the intrinsic value of art itself, but more significantly in the process of mourning. . . . This brilliant book will be indispensable for scholars of mourning theories.” —Choice “There is undoubtedly much that is new and exciting in this study of the impact of state violence on the form and content of art and scholarship in post-Stalin Russia.” —Russian Review “A fascinating and haunting study of how successive Kremlin leaders and the intelligentsia have explained the Gulag and Stalin’s crimes” —Strategic Europe
By the end of the 1970s, crystalline lasers were widely used in science, engineering, medicine, and technology. The types of lasers used have continued to grow in number to include newly discovered crystalline hosts, previously known compounds generating at other spectral wavelengths, and broadband tunable stimulated emission. This has led to the creation of an extremely promising new generation of crystalline lasers that are both highly efficient and more reliable. The major part of this book is devoted to describing multilevel operating laser schemes for stimulated emission excitation in insulating crystals doped with lanthanide ions. The first part of Crystalline Lasers deals with the history of the physics and spectroscopy of insulating laser crystals. The chapters in the second part of the book present results from the study of Stark-energy levels of generating ions in laser crystals and their radiative and nonradiative intermanifold transition characteristics. This section includes extensive tabular data and reference information. Popular and novel operating schemes of crystalline lasers are covered in Part 3. In the chapters in the fourth part of the book, the newest technologies in the physics and engineering of crystalline lasers are considered. The results of investigations into laser action under selective excitations, miniature crystalline lasers, and the properties of nonlinear activated laser crystals are presented and analyzed. Crystalline Lasers summarizes and reviews the results of many years of research and studies of activator ions and multilevel operating laser schemes, and discusses exciting prospects of using these systems to create new types of crystalline lasers. This book will be of use to laser scientists and engineers, physicists, and chemical engineers.
This book highlights the effectiveness of differential diagnosis in the degree of severity of joint pathology from a clinical, biophysical, and informational point of view. It includes the following information blocks: • Two-dimensional digital polarization microscopy of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid and determination of the coordinate distributions of the orientation and phase parameters of the microscopic image from a set of parameters of the Stokes vector. • Mueller-matrix mapping of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid and determination of a set of coordinate distributions (Mueller-matrix images (MMI)) of azimuthal-invariant elements that characterize manifestations of optical activity and linear birefringence. • Development of algorithms for polarization reproduction of distributions of linear and circular birefringence of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid. • Identification of digital statistical, correlation and wavelet criteria of polarization and Mueller-matrix differential diagnosis of the degree of severity of joint pathology. • Determination of maps of laser-induced fluorescence of synovial fluid polycrystalline films. • Identification of statistical and correlational criteria for fluorescent differential diagnosis of the degree of severity of joint pathology. • Operational characteristics of the power of the methods of azimuth-invariant polarization, Mueller-matrix and laser autofluorescence microscopy of polycrystalline films of synovial fluid.
Drawing upon previously secret KGB records released exclusively to Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood reveals for the first time the riveting story of Soviet espionage's "golden age" in the United States, from the 1930s through the early cold war.
Asymptotic properties of solutions such as stability/ instability,oscillation/ nonoscillation, existence of solutions with specific asymptotics, maximum principles present a classical part in the theory of higher order functional differential equations. The use of these equations in applications is one of the main reasons for the developments in this field. The control in the mechanical processes leads to mathematical models with second order delay differential equations. Stability and stabilization of second order delay equations are one of the main goals of this book. The book is based on the authors’ results in the last decade. Features: Stability, oscillatory and asymptotic properties of solutions are studied in correlation with each other. The first systematic description of stability methods based on the Bohl-Perron theorem. Simple and explicit exponential stability tests. In this book, various types of functional differential equations are considered: second and higher orders delay differential equations with measurable coefficients and delays, integro-differential equations, neutral equations, and operator equations. Oscillation/nonoscillation, existence of unbounded solutions, instability, special asymptotic behavior, positivity, exponential stability and stabilization of functional differential equations are studied. New methods for the study of exponential stability are proposed. Noted among them inlcude the W-transform (right regularization), a priory estimation of solutions, maximum principles, differential and integral inequalities, matrix inequality method, and reduction to a system of equations. The book can be used by applied mathematicians and as a basis for a course on stability of functional differential equations for graduate students.
Devoted to novel optical measurement techniques that are applied both in industry and life sciences, this book contributes a fresh perspective on the development of modern optical sensors. These sensors are often essential in detecting and controlling parameters that are important for both industrial and biomedical applications. The book provides easy access for beginners wishing to gain familiarity with the innovations of modern optics.
This monograph is devoted to problems of propagation and stability of linear and nonlinear waves in continuous media with complex structure. It considers the different media, such as solid with cavities, preliminary deformed disperse medium, solid with porosity filled by the electrically conductive and non-conductive liquid, magnetoelastic, piezo-semiconductors, crystals with dislocations, composites with inclusions, an electrically conductive asymmetrical liquid, a mixture of gas with a drop liquid. The book also considers the propagation of a laser beam through a two-level medium. The presented results are based on methods of evolution and modulation equations that were developed by the authors. The book is intended for scientific and technical researchers, students and post-graduate students specializing in mechanics of continuous media, physical acoustics, and physics of the solid state.
Since the creation of classical equilibrium thermodynamics in the second part of the nineteenth century by Clausius, Helmholtz, Maxwell, Gibbs, and Bolzmann, its potential has increased immeasurably due to the rapid development of numerical mathematics and computers. Now models based on Gibbs's fundamental equations allow one not only to find the point of final equilibrium in a given system, but also to examine the entire area thermodynamically attainable from a given initial point. Moreover, they are capable of finding in this area the equilibrium states (partial equilibria) of interest to a researcher for their extreme values of a considered parameter such as the concentration of useful or harmful products of a chemical process. In doing so, it appears possible to take into consideration in a strict thermodynamic form (with no use of the time variable) the limitations posed by chemical reaction rates and irreversible processes of mass, energy, and impulse transfer.
The trial of a lifetime is about to begin . . . At the center of Phantom Money lies Declan Collins, a brilliant criminal defense lawyer, who writes a screenplay woven around an ingenious money laundering scheme. The script is nothing more than an artistic dalliance until Matt Esposito, Collins’ best friend, gives it to Blackpool Studios, a new movie studio with big money. A week later, Collins and Esposito find themselves on a private jet to Mexico to meet with an investor interested in making the screenplay into a film. Unfortunately for Declan and Matt, the “investor” is Ramon Cayetano, the head of a very old and powerful Mexican drug cartel. Cayetano desperately needs to launder one hundred million dollars of drug profits into the US within six months, and he intends to use Collins’s scheme to make that happen. Collins and Esposito are forced to play the lead roles in the illicit operation, thrusting them into a world of intrigue, violence, and mortal danger. To survive, they must secretly launder a mountain of money in an impossibly short time, deceive an FBI strike team, and outwit the drug lord. Sean O’Keefe has written a complex and exciting page-turner (think The Firm meets Ozark) that will have his readers rapt until its dramatic ending.
... an expert work... remarkable for its objectivity, judiciousness, and its sure handling of the available evidence." --Political Science Quarterly "... a fine piece of historical writing." --Soviet Studies "An able and scholarly inquiry into the perplexing abortive Petrograd uprising of June and July 1917... a very interesting view of revolutionary action on the local level." --Foreign Affairs First published in 1968, this pioneering study of revolutionary events in Petrograd in the summer of 1917 revised the established view of the Bolsheviks as a monolithic party. Rabinowitch documents how the party's pluralistic nature had crucial implications for the outcome of the revolution in October.
This study analyzes carbon-cycle conditions controlling the state of the Arctic ecosystem and their seasonal variations. Territory covered includes the Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East-Siberian and Chukchi Seas, considering inter-correlations between sources of organic carbon, their fluxes, recycling and burial in bottom sediments. All biological communities (phythoplankton, macrophythobenthos, microphythobentos, bacterioplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos) are taken into account regarding their participation in the carbon cycle.
“This important new book . . . based on archival material . . . shows the huge extent of Soviet espionage activity in the United States during the 20th century” (The Telegraph). Based on KGB archives that have never been previously released, this stunning book provides the most complete account of Soviet espionage in America ever written. In 1993, former KGB officer Alexander Vassiliev was permitted unique access to Stalin-era records of Soviet intelligence operations against the United States. Years later, Vassiliev retrieved his extensive notebooks of transcribed documents from Moscow. With these notebooks, John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr have meticulously constructed a new and shocking historical account. Along with valuable insight into Soviet espionage tactics and the motives of Americans who spied for Stalin, Spies resolves many long-standing intelligence controversies. The book confirms that Alger Hiss cooperated with the Soviets over a period of years, that journalist I. F. Stone worked on behalf of the KGB in the 1930s, and that Robert Oppenheimer was never recruited by Soviet intelligence. Uncovering numerous American spies who never came under suspicion, this essential volume also reveals the identities of the last unidentified American nuclear spies. And in a gripping introduction, Vassiliev tells the story of his notebooks and his own extraordinary life.
The book is organized in Folklore Units. Each Folklore Unit has Context and may have one or more Metacontexts with citations of works of great philosophers or writers; hence, the title of the book is Metafolklore. The book covers the life of immigrants from the USSR in the U.S., remembers life in Russia, and gradually concentrates on the modus operandi of the KGB, FBI, CIA, NYPD, NSA, ECHELON, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, Al, and ISI. It covers frontiers of legal theory of surveillance. What distinguishes this book is the intensely personal account of the events and issues.
Plasma engineering is a rapidly expanding area of science and technology with increasing numbers of engineers using plasma processes over a wide range of applications. An essential tool for understanding this dynamic field, Plasma Physics and Engineering provides a clear, fundamental introduction to virtually all aspects of modern plasma science and technology, including plasma chemistry and engineering, combustion, chemical physics, lasers, electronics, methods of material treatment, fuel conversion, and environmental control. The book contains an extensive database on plasma kinetics and thermodynamics, many helpful numerical formulas for practical calculations, and an array of problems and concept questions.
The book is devoted to the foundations of the theory of boundary-value problems for various classes of systems of differential-operator equations whose linear part is represented by Fredholm operators of the general form. A common point of view on numerous classes of problems that were traditionally studied independently of each other enables us to study, in a natural way, the theory of these problems, to supplement and improve the existing results, and in certain cases, study some of these problems for the first time. With the help of the technique of generalized inverse operators, the Vishik– Lyusternik method, and iterative methods, we perform a detailed investigation of the problems of existence, bifurcations, and branching of the solutions of linear and nonlinear boundary-value problems for various classes of differential-operator systems and propose new procedures for their construction. For more than 11 years that have passed since the appearance of the first edition of the monograph, numerous new publications of the authors in this direction have appeared. In this connection, it became necessary to make some additions and corrections to the previous extensively cited edition, which is still of signifi cant interest for the researchers. For researchers, teachers, post-graduate students, and students of physical and mathematical departments of universities. Contents: Preliminary Information Generalized Inverse Operators in Banach Spaces Pseudoinverse Operators in Hilbert Spaces Boundary-Value Problems for Operator Equations Boundary-Value Problems for Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations Impulsive Boundary-Value Problems for Systems of Ordinary Differential Equations Solutions of Differential and Difference Systems Bounded on the Entire Real Axis
New perspective technologies of genetic search and evolution simulation represent the kernel of this book. The authors wanted to show how these technologies are used for practical problems solution. This monograph is devoted to specialists of CAD, intellectual information technologies in science, biology, economics, sociology and others. It may be used by post-graduate students and students of specialties connected to the systems theory and system analysis methods, information science, optimization methods, operations investigation and solution-making.
This book presents the most recent results in the area of bulk nanostructured materials and new trends in their severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing, where these techniques are now emerging from the domain of laboratory-scale research into the commercial production of various bulk nanomaterials. Special emphasis is placed on an analysis of the effect of nanostructures in materials fabricated by SPD on mechanical properties (strength and ductility, fatigue strength and life, superplasticity) and functional behavior (shape memory effects, magnetic and electric properties), as well as the numerous examples of their innovative applications. There is a high innovation potential for industrial applications of bulk nanomaterials for structural use (materials with extreme strength) as well as for functional applications such as nanomagnets, materials for hydrogen storage, thermoelectric materials, superconductors, catalysts, and biomedical implants.
The full story of Napoleon’s legendary escape from Russia under seemingly impossible odds is recounted in this thrillingly vivid military history. In the winter of 1812, Napoleon's army retreated from Moscow under appalling conditions, hunted by three separate Russian armies. By late November, Napoleon had reached the banks of the River Berezina—the last natural obstacle between his army and the safety of the Polish frontier. But instead of finding the river frozen solid enough to march his men across, an unseasonable thaw had turned the Berezina into an icy torrent. Having already ordered the burning of his bridging equipment, Napoleon's predicament was serious enough: but with the army of Admiral Chichagov holding the opposite bank, and those of Kutusov and Wittgenstein closing fast, it was critical. In a gripping narrative that draws on contemporary sources—including letters, diaries and memoirs—Alexander Mikaberidze describes how Napoleon rose from the pit of despair to execute one of the greatest escapes in military history.
Access to newly opened archives has allowed Alexander Rabinowitch to substantially rewrite the history of how the Bolsheviks consolidated their power in Russia. Focusing on the first year of Soviet rule in St Petersburg, he shows how state organs evolved in the face of repeated crises.
The second edition of this volume has been extensively revised. A different version of Chap. 7, reflecting recent significant progress in understanding of spatiotempo ral chaos, is now provided. Much new material has been included in the sections dealing with intermittency in birth-death models and noise-induced phase transi tions. A new section on control of chaotic behavior has been added to Chap. 6. The subtitle of the volume has been changed to better reflect its contents. We acknowledge stimulating discussions with H. Haken and E. Scholl and are grateful to our colleagues M. Bar, D. Battogtokh, M. Eiswirth, M. Hildebrand, K. Krischer, and V. Tereshko for their comments and assistance. We thank M. Lubke for her help in producing new figures for this volume. Berlin and Moscow A. s. Mikhailov April 1996 A. Yu. Loskutov Preface to the First Edition This textbook is based on a lecture course in synergetics given at the University of Moscow. In this second of two volumes, we discuss the emergence and properties of complex chaotic patterns in distributed active systems. Such patterns can be produced autonomously by a system, or can result from selective amplification of fluctuations caused by external weak noise.
A second edition, in two parts, of Volume 1 of this well-known reference series. This volume deals mainly with the olivine and garnet groups and also the humite group, zircon, sphene, vesuvianite, the Al2SiO5 (including mullite), topaz, staurolite and chloritoid. The disilicates and ring-silicates are covered in Volume 1B. In the years since the first edition was published, the quantity and scope of research on the olivines, garnets and the aluminosilicates has grown enormously and has given rise to a wide variety of literature. This book, which has been completely rewritten and considerably expanded, summarizes the important research results and presents them in an organized fashion. Each mineral chapter is divided into sections on structure, chemistry, optical and physical properties, distinguishing features and paragenesis. Each chapter is headed by a tabulation of mineral data and a sketch showing optical orientation, and concludes with full references to the literature. Diagrams of the crystal structures are presented and are followed by a discussion of the structural features. The chemical sections include a large number of analyses from which structural formulae have been calculated, illustrating the chemical and paragenetical variation exhibited by each mineral; phase equilibria in relevant systems are fully considered. In the sections on optical and physical properties, particular attention is paid to the correlation of these properties with chemical composition. The principal modes of occurrence are described and discussed in the paragenesis sections; here again correlation with chemistry is emphasized. 11 volumes are available in this series.
This reader is intended to fill the urgent need for up-to-date materials on the Gorbachev era and to provide scholars and students with source materials and interpretations not available in standard texts. In addition, the book will be regularly revised and updated to take account of rapidly changing events. Alexander Dallin and Gail Lapidus have brought together outstanding Western analyses, as well as Soviet documents and commentary, dealing with developments in the USSR's politics, economy, society, culture, and foreign policy since 1985. The collection covers the full spectrum of views—skeptical and enthusiastic, ideological and pragmatic—offered by journalists, politicians, observers, and participants. Introductory and concluding material by the editors provides the essential context to help students understand the myriad opinions put forth on the vast changes in the USSR and where its future may lie.
The Political Culture of Russian Democrats examines the origins and development of the world view of those who call themselves 'democrats' in Russian in the last years of the USSR. The book develops a distinct approach to the study of political culture and applies it to a specific social group–members of the democratic movement in Soviet Russia. The author examines the emergence of the ideas of Russian 'democrats' during the Gorbachev era in Soviet politics, and traces the development of those beliefs in the post-Soviet era. The book argues that the liberal and democratic terminology of western politics were assimilated by Russian political culture, with the terms acquiring a different meaning.
This book is about the importance of random phenomena occurring in nature. Cases are selected in which randomness is most important or crucial, such as Brownian motion, certain reactions in Physical Chemistry and Biology, and intermittency in magnetic field generation by turbulent fluid motion, etc. Due to “almighty chance” the structures can originate from chaos even in linear problems. This idea is complementary as well as competes with a basic concept of synergetics where structures appear mainly due to the pan-linear nature of phenomena. This book takes a new look at the problem of structure formation in random media, qualitative physical representation of modern conceptions, intermittency, fractals, percolation and many examples from different fields of science.
Butterfly ballots, balky machines, absentee ballot scandals, felons voting, Supreme Court intervention - all these made headlines during the infamous 2000 Florida recount. Could it happen again in this year's presidential election? The answer is yes, because not much has changed to improve our election systems, while both major parties are poised on a hair trigger to file lawsuits and challenge any close statewide vote. The issues may boil down to whether the margin of victory in any state exceeds the ''margin of litigation. John Fund offers a guided tour of our error-prone election systems, which nearly half of Americans say they don't trust. When some states have systems so flawed that you can't tell where incompetence ends and possible fraud begins, it isn't surprising that scandals have ranged from rural Texas to big cities such as Milwaukee and St. Louis. Fund dissects some anomalies of Florida 2000 and analyzes the bitterly protracted election for governor of Washington State in 2004. He spotlights the perils of ''provisional ballots, the flaws of the ''Motor Voter law that has allowed people to get absentee ballots for phantom voters, and the shady registration drives of the radical group ACORN. Meanwhile, the simple safeguard of a photo ID requirement is fiercely resisted on specious claims that it would disenfranchise poor and minority voters. Stealing Elections presents a chilling portrait of electoral vulnerability, as a combination of bureaucratic bungling and ballot rigging put our democracy at risk.
Russian Function Words: Meanings and Use is a collection of 463 prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections, and parenthetical words. This book provides a semantic, syntactic, and stylistic analysis of each word, accompanying the explanation with examples of the word’s usage in discourse in contemporary, everyday Russian and analogous translations into English. Consequently, it allows users to develop an understanding of contemporary grammatical, lexical, and stylistic norms, with the aim of mastering these critical words. This book also includes a multitude of idioms and sayings that users will learn to use in the appropriate context. Intermediate and advanced students, instructors, and translators will find this a useful supplement to their existing resources. It also serves as a helpful reference for independent learners at all levels.
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