The book deals with the problem of the interaction and interconditionality of the various processes occurring in both the Earth’s crust and the biosphere. It proposes a model of the global carbon cycle explaining the nature and mechanism of these interactions, showing that the key element of this interaction is the photosynthesis controlled by periodic carbon dioxide injections caused by collision zones of lithospheric plates. Changes in the environment due to the evolution of photosynthesis cause alterations in the carbon cycle, and lead to a stationary state when new features of the cycle are manifested. The main instruments of the analysis here are the isotopic technique and physico-chemical modeling, conducted on the basis of the principle of actualism. The model provides explanations of periodic mass extinctions of organisms, the “explosions of life”, the uneven distribution of organic matter in the sedimentary strata, stratigraphic oil distribution, and various other events in the biosphere in the course of geological history. The book will appeal to geologists, geochemists, climatologists, ecologists, biologists, and specialists in global change.
This book is an outgrowth of courses in plasma physics which I have taught at Kiel University for many years. During this time I have tried to convince my students that plasmas as different as gas dicharges, fusion plasmas and space plasmas can be described in a uni ed way by simple models. The challenge in teaching plasma physics is its apparent complexity. The wealth of plasma phenomena found in so diverse elds makes it quite different from atomic physics, where atomic structure, spectral lines and chemical binding can all be derived from a single equation—the Schrödinger equation. I positively accept the variety of plasmas and refrain from subdividing plasma physics into the traditional, but arti cially separated elds, of hot, cold and space plasmas. This is why I like to confront my students, and the readers of this book, with examples from so many elds. By this approach, I believe, they will be able to become discoverers who can see the commonality between a falling apple and planetary motion. As an experimentalist, I am convinced that plasma physics can be best understood from a bottom-up approach with many illustrating examples that give the students con dence in their understanding of plasma processes. The theoretical framework of plasma physics can then be introduced in several steps of re nement. In the end, the student (or reader) will see that there is something like the Schrödinger equation, namely the Vlasov-Maxwell model of plasmas, from which nearly all phenomena in collisionless plasmas can be derived.
This volume explores the images of Alexander the Great from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, how they came about, and why they were so popular. In contrast to the numerous studies on the historical and legendary figure of Alexander, surprisingly few studies have examined, in one volume, the visual representation of the Macedonian king in frescoes, oil paintings, engravings, manuscripts, medals, sculpture, and tapestries during the Renaissance. The book covers a broad geographical area and includes transalpine perspectives. Ingrid Alexander-Skipnes examines the role that humanists played in disseminating the stories about Alexander and explores why Alexander was so popular during the Renaissance. Alexander-Skipnes offers cultural, political, and social perspectives on the Macedonian king and shows how Renaissance artists and patrons viewed Alexander the Great. The book will be of interest to scholars working in art history, Renaissance studies, ancient Greek history, and classics.
With our American Philosophy and Religion series, Applewood reissues many primary sources published throughout American history. Through these books, scholars, interpreters, students, and non-academics alike can see the thoughts and beliefs of Americans who came before us.
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