This book brings into focus the contrast between explicit and implicit algorithmic descriptions of objects and presents a new geometric language for the study of combinatorial and logical problems in complexity theory. These themes are considered in a variety of settings, sometimes crossing traditional boundaries. Special emphasis is given to moderate complexity - exponential or polynomial - but objects with multi-exponential complexity also fit in. Among the items under consideration are graphs, formal proofs, languages, automata, groups, circuits, some connections with geometry of metric spaces, and complexity classes (P, NP, co-NP).
Half a billion years of evolution have turned the eye into an unbelievable pattern detector. Everything we perceive comes in delightful multicolored forms. Now, in the age of science, we want to comprehend what and why we see. Two dozen outstanding biologists, chemists, physicists, psychologists, computer scientists and mathematicians met at the Institut d'Hautes Etudes Scientifiques in Bures-sur-Yvette, France. They expounded their views on the physical, biological and physiological mechanisms creating the tapestry of patterns we see in molecules, plants, insects, seashells, and even the human brain. This volume comprises surveys of different aspects of pattern formation and recognition, and is aimed at the scientifically minded reader.
This book brings into focus the contrast between explicit and implicit algorithmic descriptions of objects and presents a new geometric language for the study of combinatorial and logical problems in complexity theory. These themes are considered in a variety of settings, sometimes crossing traditional boundaries. Special emphasis is given to moderate complexity - exponential or polynomial - but objects with multi-exponential complexity also fit in. Among the items under consideration are graphs, formal proofs, languages, automata, groups, circuits, some connections with geometry of metric spaces, and complexity classes (P, NP, co-NP).
Half a billion years of evolution have turned the eye into an unbelievable pattern detector. Everything we perceive comes in delightful multicolored forms. Now, in the age of science, we want to comprehend what and why we see. Two dozen outstanding biologists, chemists, physicists, psychologists, computer scientists and mathematicians met at the Institut d'Hautes Etudes Scientifiques in Bures-sur-Yvette, France. They expounded their views on the physical, biological and physiological mechanisms creating the tapestry of patterns we see in molecules, plants, insects, seashells, and even the human brain. This volume comprises surveys of different aspects of pattern formation and recognition, and is aimed at the scientifically minded reader.
Given the rapid spread of ETSs in an increasing number of countries and the important role that they are likely to play for the success or failure of the environmental policy in the years to come, this book provides an interdisciplinary analysis of the EU ETS from both the legal and economic perspectives comparing it with the other main ETSs existing worldwide, in order to assess whether the EU ETS has truly represented a prototype for the other ETSs established around the world and to investigate the current perspectives for linking them in the future.Through the years, the EU ETS has progressively gained a paramount position within the EU environmental policy and climate change legislation and currently represents the most striking flagship in this sector, with more than 11.000 installations covered by the scheme. In parallel, the EU ETS has paved the way for the establishment of many other ETSs in several other jurisdictions. Such schemes are now recognized worldwide as the “cornerstones” of the climate change policy.
Reverse osmosis is the dominant technology in water desalination. However, some critical issues remain open: improvement of water quality, enhancement of the recovery factor, reduction of the unit water cost, minimizing the brine disposal impact. This book aims to solve these problems with an innovative approach based on the integration of different membrane operations in pre-treatment and post-treatment stages. Membrane-Based Desalination: An Integrated Approach (acronym MEDINA) has been a three year project funded by the European Commission within the 6th Framework Program. The project team has developed a work programme aiming to improve the current design and operation practices of membrane systems used for water desalination, trying to solve or, at least, to decrease the critical issues of sea and brackish water desalination systems. In the book, the main results achieved in the nine Work Packages constituting the project will be described, and dismissed by the leaders of the various WPs. The following areas are explored in the book: the development of advanced analytical methods for feed water characterization, appropriate fouling indicators and prediction tools, procedures and protocols at full-scale desalination facilities; the identification of optimal seawater pre-treatment strategies by designing advanced hybrid membrane processes (submerged hollow fibre filtration/reaction, adsorption/ion exchange/ozonation) and comparison with conventional methods; the optimisation of RO membrane module configuration, cleaning strategies, reduction of scaling potential by NF; the development of strategies aiming to approach the concept of Zero Liquid Discharge (increasing the water recovery factor up to 95% by using Membrane Distillation - MD; bringing concentrates to solids by Membrane Crystallization or Wind Intensified Enhanced Evaporation) and to reduce the brine disposal environmental impact and cost; increase the sustainability of desalination process by reducing energy consumption (evaluation of MD, demonstration of a new energy recovery device for SWRO installations) and use of renewable energy (wind and solar). Colour figures (PDF, 6MB) Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this title: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/WaterdesalinationandEuropeanresearch
Uno dei principi fondamentali dei modelli di selezione del portafoglio è la minimizzazione del rischio attraverso la diversificazione degli investimenti. Tuttavia, i benefici della diversificazione si riducono in presenza di un'elevata correlazione tra gli asset. È noto che la diversificazione attraverso l'uso di portafogli più ampi non è il modo migliore per ottenere un miglioramento della performance fuori campione. Inoltre, l'inclusione di un numero elevato di posizioni nel portafoglio aumenta i costi di gestione e di transazione. Mentre i modelli classici di selezione del portafoglio si concentrano sulla minimizzazione del rischio e sulla massimizzazione del rendimento, lo scopo di questo lavoro è quello di includere un terzo obiettivo: la norma-1. Ciò consente di selezionare portafogli sparsi, cioè con un numero limitato di attività, che sono più facili da gestire e consentono di ottenere buoni risultati in termini di rischio-rendimento. La nostra analisi empirica si basa su un dataset di riferimento disponibile pubblicamente e spesso utilizzato in letteratura. DOI: 10.13134/979-12-5977-332-6
This book offers detailed coverage of all aspects of vulvar pain in age groups from children to the elderly, with a particular focus on factors that precipitate or maintain the pain. Guidance is provided on diagnosis and treatment, and careful consideration is given to special circumstances associated with vulvar pain, including childbirth, recurrent cystitis, female genital mutilation, medical comorbidities, and sexual comorbidities in both partners. Vulvar pain of neurogenic and iatrogenic origin is also fully discussed. Two innovative chapters present case reports highly relevant to clinical practice and address outstanding issues, including controversies and difficulties in terminology, initial triggers, the role of stress, psychogenic causes, and misuse and abuse. The book is exceptional in covering vulvar pain throughout the human life span and in a wide range of situations, and it will be of value to all who are involved in management of the condition.
Nell'ambito dei problemi di scelta in condizioni di rischio introduciamo un nuovo modello comportamentale e implementiamo un'analisi empirica basata sul confronto con il classico approccio della Teoria del Prospetto. L'applicazione di questi modelli è validata nella selezione di portafoglio attraverso tre modelli di portafoglio tradizionali utilizzati come riferimento (portafoglio a varianza minima, portafoglio a deviazione mediana assoluta e portafoglio equamente ponderato). L'obiettivo di questo lavoro di ricerca è quello di incorporare la percezione del rischio degli investitori nelle scelte dei portafogli ottimali. Proponiamo un'analisi out-of-sample di quattro indici azionari per dimostrare la superiorità dei modelli comportamentali di selezione di portafoglio rispetto a quelli tradizionali. DOI: 10.13134/979-12-5977-249-7
Il Calcolo Frazionario ha recentemente guadagnato un crescente interesse nella letteratura economica e finanziaria. Per quanto riguarda i modelli economici, quelli di crescita sono stati modellati utilizzando una rappresentazione tramite derivate frazionarie. Questo tipo di equazioni non consente soluzioni in forma chiusa e quindi è necessario ricorrere a metodi numerici appropriati per ottenere approssimazioni accurate delle soluzioni. Per questo motivo, in questo contributo, proponiamo un approccio basato sulle cosiddette Physics Informed Neural Network per risolvere le equazioni integrali di Volterra di ordine frazionario. Alcuni esperimenti numerici mostrano l’accuratezza dell’algoritmo suggerito.
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