Developing countries face massive infrastructure needs, but public spending on infrastructure is inadequate, and public investment has been declining in recent years. Rising debt levels and tightening fiscal and monetary conditions are putting further pressure on the funds available for infrastructure, heightening the importance of increasing the efficiency of infrastructure spending. Off the Books: Understanding and Mitigating the Fiscal Risks of Infrastructure shows that however governments deliver infrastructure—through direct public provision, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), or public-private partnerships (PPPs), the risk of fiscal surprises is high in both good times and bad. As a result, infrastructure service delivery often ends up costing significantly more than expected, eroding limited fiscal space for productive spending. This book makes a unique contribution by quantifying the magnitude and prevalence of fiscal risks from electricity and transport infrastructure and identifying their root causes across a range of low- and middle-income countries. Drawing on important new sources of evidence and compiling many others, the analysis sheds light on how much is at stake in the good governance of infrastructure sectors. It allows policy makers to weigh the magnitudes of different types of risks and examine how they vary across contexts. Off the Books shows how a deeper understanding of the fiscal risks of infrastructure can help policy makers target reforms to areas where they can be expected to have the greatest impact. It lays out a reform agenda for mitigating the fiscal risks associated with infrastructure based on building government capacity; adopting integrated public investment management and integrated fiscal risk management; improving fiscal and corporate governance of SOEs; and ensuring robust PPP preparation, procurement, and contract management. The book will be of enormous value to policy makers, practitioners, and academics who have an interest in infrastructure and fiscal policy.
The writer who never talks about eating, about appetite, hunger, food, about cooks and meals, arouses my suspicion, as though some vital element were missing in him." Scholarly, playful, idiosyncratic, and witty, Aldo Buzzi's The Perfect Egg is an excursion into the food that has obsessed, provoked, and intrigued the author through his life. A book of genial and highly refined chat, enriched with personal anecdotes, recipes, and quotations from literature and history, it is a tribute to the profound pleasures of food. Along the way, the reader discovers recipes from Italy, France, Spain, Germany, and the United States, related by Buzzi in a tone that is casual but delightfully attentive to detail. He writes about how to make lime soup, what goes into an olla podrida, varieties of futurist cuisine, the difference between edible and inedible pigeons, and the emotional resonance of overcooked pasta. And, of course, he reveals how to cook the perfect egg.
The Jesuit educational system, with its successful applications in all parts of the world for several centuries, is one of the most durable, influential, and far-reaching experiments in the history of education. In this monograph Aldo Scaglione explores the complex genesis of the system, which it regards essentially as a heritage of Renaissance Humanism; the impact of both Reformation and Catholic Counter-reformation on it; and its conflicts with the secular traditions and systems with which it competed through the centuries.
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