Chapter 4: That this sacrament causes communion in the sufferings of the mystical body -- Chapter 5: That this sacrament causes material assistance in works of mercy -- Chapter 6: That this sacrament makes common all that is ours of both spiritual and material things -- Chapter 7: That this sacrament causes the truest communion of the divine and the human -- Distinction Five: Sacrifice -- Chapter 1: About the authority and antiquity of this sacrifice -- Chapter 2: About the holiness of this sacrifice -- Chapter 3: About the acceptableness of this sacrifice -- Chapter 4: About the truth of this sacrifice -- Distinction Six: Sacrament -- Tractate 1: About the institution of this sacrament -- Chapter 1: About the reason for the institution of this sacrament -- Chapter 2: About the necessity for the institution of this sacrament -- Chapter 3: About the time of the institution of this sacrament -- Chapter 4: About the mode of the institution of this sacrament -- Tractate 2: About the matter and form of this sacrament -- Chapter 1: About the matter of this sacrament -- Chapter 2: About the form of the sacrament over the bread -- Chapter 3: About the form that is spoken over the wine -- Chapter 4: About things following both forms -- Tractate 3: What in this sacrament is the sacrament alone, and what are the reality and the sacrament, and what is the reality without the sacrament? -- Chapter 1 -- Tractate 4: In which the rite of this sacrament is treated -- Chapter 1: About the rite of this sacrament on Christ's part -- Chapter 2: About the rite of this sacrament on the minister's part -- Chapter 3: About the rite of this sacrament on the recipient's part -- III. Indices -- General Index -- Index of Holy Scripture
This book argues that - in terms of institutional design, the allocation of power and privilege, and the lived experiences of citizens - democracy often does not restart the political game after displacing authoritarianism. Democratic institutions are frequently designed by the outgoing authoritarian regime to shield incumbent elites from the rule of law and give them an unfair advantage over politics and the economy after democratization. Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy systematically documents and analyzes the constitutional tools that outgoing authoritarian elites use to accomplish these ends, such as electoral system design, legislative appointments, federalism, legal immunities, constitutional tribunal design, and supermajority thresholds for change. The study provides wide-ranging evidence for these claims using data that spans the globe and dates from 1800 to the present. Albertus and Menaldo also conduct detailed case studies of Chile and Sweden. In doing so, they explain why some democracies successfully overhaul their elite-biased constitutions for more egalitarian social contracts.
Women's Secrets provides the first modern translation of the notorious treatise De secretis mulierum, popular throughout the late middle ages and into modern times. The Secrets deals with human reproduction and was written to instruct celibate medieval monks on the facts of life and some of the ways of the universe. However, the book had a much more far-reaching influence. Lemay shows how its message that women were evil, lascivious creatures built on the misogyny of the work's Aristotelian sources and laid the groundwork for serious persecution of women. Both the content of the treatise and the reputation of its author (erroneously believed to be Albertus Magnus) inspired a few medieval scholars to compose lengthy commentaries on the text, substantial selections from which are included, providing further evidence of how medieval men interpreted science and viewed the female body.
What happens when we die? Is there an immortal soul that survives death and enters an eternal afterlife – either in heaven, or in hell? What exactly is the soul? How is it possible that a human being can have a soul, a psyche, self-consciousness, a mind, an ego, and memories that define his identity? These questions have kept millions of people busy through the ages. This book is an effort to illuminate the mystery of death and its aftermath from the perspectives of various religious and philosophical traditions, with the focus mostly on the Sacred Scriptures of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Some enigmatic and often overlooked biblical passages are given an original analysis and explanation. This mystery is also viewed from a scientific perspective, especially the science of neuropsychology. A clarification is provided of why scientists have failed to identify, pinpoint, and explain the soul, the ego, the seat of consciousness inside the human brain. This book is meant for all people interested in religion, philosophy, and science, whether academics or lay people. Technical terms are kept to a minimum.
The God worshiped by Jews, Christians, and Muslims never existed. This book demonstrates clearly and decisively that it is impossible that the God of the sacred Scriptures, deemed to be an omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, caring, benevolent, and just creator and ruler of the universe, could ever exist. Should he be the creator who designed the universe, then he would have been powerless to formulate any other axioms of mathematics, logics, jurisprudence, or ethics that we do have and, therefore, he cannot be the highest authority in the universe. Neither is he able to regulate the universe on a quantum level. All these eternal and immutable axioms may, nevertheless, be described as the mind of an impersonal God. This book is meant for theologians, philosophers, and everybody else interested in religious matters.
This work represents the first independent study of the Jewish-Christian Gospel fragments and of the use of the Jewish-Christian Gospel tradition in early Christian and medieval literature. The author identifies and introduces the Jewish-Christian Gospels and their sources, presents a critical study of genuine and spurious references to Jewish-Christian Gospels, and then goes on to offer a critical text (with apparatus and bibliography), a translation and a full commentary for each individual fragment.
An innumerable number of books have been written about Jesus of Nazareth and it seems as if it is impossible to say anything new about him. Yet, this is precisely what this book promises to do. It breaks new ground by coordinating the Bible’s information with astronomical phenomena such as solar and lunar eclipses and the movements of the planets, as well as incorporating insights from neuroscience. A rational investigation of all available sources reveals that the dogmas about Jesus cannot be sustained. He was merely a charismatic leader who had the delusion that he was the king-in-waiting of the Jews—certainly not a divine being in a human body.
When and why do countries redistribute land to the landless? What political purposes does land reform serve, and what place does it have in today's world? A long-standing literature dating back to Aristotle and echoed in important recent works holds that redistribution should be both higher and more targeted at the poor under democracy. Yet comprehensive historical data to test this claim has been lacking. This book shows that land redistribution - the most consequential form of redistribution in the developing world - occurs more often under dictatorship than democracy. It offers a novel theory of land reform and develops a typology of land reform policies. Albertus leverages original data spanning the world and dating back to 1900 to extensively test the theory using statistical analysis and case studies of key countries such as Egypt, Peru, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. These findings call for rethinking much of the common wisdom about redistribution and regimes.
The decline of Christianity worldwide is no secret and it may be expected that churches will die, or—at most—become fringe phenomena. As science progresses it gets clear that the Bible cannot be regarded as divinely inspired due to all the mistakes, contradictions, fiction dressed up as history and inhumane laws it contains. Christian doctrines are often irrational superstitions, and one may lead a happy, meaningful and moral life without being religious. This book is a must-read for theologians, philosophers and scientists, but it is also aimed at the lay person who is interested in religion, philosophy, and science.
Canonical theories of political economy struggle to explain patterns of distribution in authoritarian regimes. In this Element, Albertus, Fenner, and Slater challenge existing models and introduce an alternative, supply-side, and state-centered theory of 'coercive distribution'. Authoritarian regimes proactively deploy distributive policies as advantageous strategies to consolidate their monopoly on power. These policies contribute to authoritarian durability by undercutting rival elites and enmeshing the masses in lasting relations of coercive dependence. The authors illustrate the patterns, timing, and breadth of coercive distribution with global and Latin American quantitative evidence and with a series of historical case studies from regimes in Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. By recognizing distribution's coercive dimensions, they account for empirical patterns of distribution that do not fit with quasi-democratic understandings of distribution as quid pro quo exchange. Under authoritarian conditions, distribution is less an alternative to coercion than one of its most effective expressions.
These translations from the Latin works of Thomas Aquinas, Albert the Great, and Philip the Chancellor concentrate on the four cardinal virtues - prudence, justice, courage, and temperance - first identified by Plato as essential requirements for living a happy and morally good life." "An historical introduction traces the development of the doctrine of four cardinal virtues from Greek philosophy through the thirteenth century. The treatment isolates three stages in this development: (1) Greek and Roman Philosophi: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, early Stoics, Cicero, and Seneca; (2) early Christian Sancti: Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, and Gregory; and (3) medieval schoolmen (Magistri): Master Peter Lombard, Philip the Chancellor, Albert, and Aquinas."--BOOK JACKET
Formerly handed down under oath of secrecy, this clear, concise handbook discusses: the fundamental principles of alchemy; directions for the formation of an inexpensive home laboratory, with illustrations of the necessary equipment; step-by-step instructions for the work of the Lesser Circulation, the alchemical transformation within the plant kingdom?the necessary prerequisite for any work in the mineral kingdom.
A renowned modern-day classic on the actual practice of alchemy. The Alchemist's Handbook has long been an essential contribution to the study of alchemy since its first publication in 1960. It still stands as a groundbreaking work presenting in clear, concise language a practical manual of working knowledge that was formerly handed down under oath of secrecy. The scope of alchemical work is to provide both a means to synthesize all the other sciences and the necessary training of the intellectual and spiritual faculties. The Alchemist's Handbook discusses in detail: The basic fundamental principles of alchemy. A guide to the formation of an inexpensive home laboratory with illustrations of the necessary equipment. Step-by-step instructions for the work of the Lesser Circulation, the alchemical transformation within the plant kingdom. This new Weiser Classics edition includes a new foreword by Robert Allen Bartlett, author of Real Alchemy.
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