Housesteads is one of the most important forts on Hadrian's Wall. Extensive excavations were carried out between 1874 and 1981 by Newcastle University. Combining the results with those of excavations done between 1959 and 1961 by Durham University, we now have a complete plan of the north-east part of the fort. These excavations uncovered principally Buildings XIII, XIV and XV, plus stretches of rampartbetween the north and east gates, along with a multitude of features and stratigraphic evidence, revealing not only the sequences but also large finds assemblages. In addition to shedding much light on the material culture of the fort's occupants and the structural and chronological relationships between various parts of the fort, limited reinvestigation of Building XIV and excavatin of the east end of Building XV enabled significant reinterpretation of the original conclusions reached by the Durham investigators, including some redating of structures. These excavations uncover the full 300-year period during which the fort formed an integal part of the Roman military frontier, for much if not all of that time the base of the cohors I Tungrorum milliaria peditat. This report documents the excavations and gives full finds reports, and the analysis of the evidence has enabled the authors to provide a full history of this part of the fort.
The walls of the Shire Hall at Rushworth has certainly spoken, relating the events involving people from Rushworth, Stanhope, Colabinabbin, Murchison, Whroo and farming districts in between, together with visitors with lofty titles from places far and wide. In 1869, "some sneaking reptile lifted the newly-laid foundation". It was re-set days later. In 1895, a Shire Councillor used words "derived from some bullock driver's vocabulary"! pictures still and moving, silent and "talking", have been a hall mainstay. In a town with no cinema, the hall has been the cinema. "I feed strongly that if we must have pictures, then they should be clean and worthy to be displayed to our young people," wrote a letter-writer within a strong and moralistic complaint in 1928. Balls in the hall in the early years were rated a success of dancing continued till dawn. Only a full moon, or a buggy with a good lamp, helped dancers get home to remove their shoes any earlier. Concerts have raised funds for worthy causes, and theatrical productions (usually musical) tested the old stage. During World War II, patrons could have attended a bird show, ballet or boxing. "The Shire Hall is a disgrace!" said the 1962 Shire President, after Council moved to new premises in 1961! The Band, in its various identities, has played thousands of tunes at literally hundreds of events, including sporting celebrations. "Radiant debutantes" have made formal and frocked entry into local society, partnered by handsome young men with tight collars, and buttoned-up suits, and shiny shoes. In 1990, Rushworth Police closed a debutante ball early, citing "too much noise!" Public meetings at the hall have addressed water supply, gold-mining, proposed brickworks, storage of dynamite, hospital services, aged care accommodation, and sewerage, in no particular order of importance. The Shire Hall walls have told these stories and a great many more. The walls have been listening and watching for 150 years. May the hall be long preserved to gather more tales of great interest in this magnificent public building."--Back cover.
Droving has been hugely important in shaping farming practice across Northumberland for 1,000 years or more. The necessity of transporting sheep and cattle has changed the landscape, developed the roads and buildings, and at one time, animals would be herded from as far a field as Scotland and Ireland. Today the scene is very different but the legacy of the drovers can still be seen and enjoyed all over the region. Local archaeologists Ian Roberts, Alan Rushworth, and Richard Calrton have been determined to preserve this history on behalf of the Northumberland National Park Authority. Following the development of droving in Northumberland from prehistoric times, through Middle Ages, the eighteenth century and right up to date, they offer the definitive history of this significant activity.
This study traces the transition of treason from a personal crime against the monarch to a modern crime against the impersonal state. It consists of four highly detailed case studies of major state treason trials in England beginning with that of Thomas Wentworth, first Earl of Strafford, in the spring of 1641 and ending with that of Charles Stuart, King of England, in January 1649. The book examines how these trials constituted practical contexts in which ideas of statehood and public authority legitimated courses of political action that might ordinarily be considered unlawful - or at least not within the compass of the foundational statute of Edward III. The ensuing narrative reveals how the events of the 1640s in England challenged existing conceptions of treason as a personal crime against the king, his family and his servants, and pushed the ascendant parliamentarian faction towards embracing an impersonal conception of the state that perceived public authority as completely independent of any individual or group.
Though known today largely for dating the creation of the world to 4004BC, James Ussher (1581-1656) was an important scholar and ecclesiastical leader in the seventeenth century. As Professor of Theology at Trinity College Dublin, and Archbishop of Armagh from 1625, he shaped the newly protestant Church of Ireland. Tracing its roots back to St Patrick, he gave it a sense of Irish identity and provided a theology which was strongly Calvinist and fiercely anti-Catholic. In exile in England in the 1640s he advised both king and parliament, trying to heal the ever-widening rift by devising a compromise over church government. Forced finally to choose sides by the outbreak of civil war in 1642, Ussher opted for the royalists, but found it difficult to combine his loyalty to Charles with his detestation of Catholicism. A meticulous scholar and an extensive researcher, Ussher had a breathtaking command of languages and disciplines - 'learned to a miracle' according to one of his friends. He worked on a series of problems: the early history of bishops, the origins of Christianity in Ireland and Britain, and the implications of double predestination, making advances which were to prove of lasting significance. Tracing the interconnections between this scholarship and his wider ecclesiastical and political interests, Alan Ford throws new light on the character and attitudes of a seminal figure in the history of Irish Protestantism.
Provides coverage of the causes leading to war, famous battles, weapons, and the influence on political and cultural development, and includes biographical information on key figures.
England is an old country, more deeply conditioned by its past than perhaps any of us realise. It is also a varied country, particularly in relation to its size; this fact, too, has left its imprint on our past. Antiquity and diversity are the hallmarks of English landscape and society, with evidences of the logic of history evident everywhere we look. In this collection of essays Alan Everitt looks at the interconnections between landscape and community, demonstrating how places, localities, counties and regions all shed light on English society and history as a whole. Covering topics such as regional evolution, lost towns of England, the agrarian landscape in Kent, the English urban inn, and dynasty and community since the 17th century, Everitts essays cpature the wealth of experience and local idiosyncracies that constitute Englands rich history and culture.
This richly illustrated history explores every aspect of life in Bradford. The Story of Bradford traces the city's history from earliest times to the present, concluding with comments on the issues, challenges and opportunities that the twenty-first century will present. The departure of the German wool merchants in 1914 and the tragedy that befell the Bradford Pals at the Somme had a serious effect not just on the city but further afield, while the achievements of the great nineteenth-century wool barons are contrasted with the condition of the working class and industrial unrest. The challenge in the new millennium is for Bradford to use its considerable assets – including its architectural development and heritage – to shine as a prosperous and self-confident community.
You’re no idiot, of course. You know that World War I was “the Great War,” and you’re familiar with its images: muddy trenches, poison gas, and a no–man’s–land of craters and barbed wire. But when it comes to understanding its causes, why it dragged on for four years, and how it set the stage for World War II, you’re lost behind enemy lines. Don’t wave the white flag just yet! The Complete Idiot’s Guide® to World War I gives you a comprehensive overview of the first global war, from the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand to the Treaty of Versailles. In this Complete Idiot’s Guide®, you get: • Broad coverage of the secret treaties and en-tangling alliances that led to war • Comprehensive analysis of some of history’s bloodiest battles, including the Somme, Tannenburg, Gallipoli, and Belleau Wood • Expert commentary on the development of weapons such as the tank, the dreadnought battleship, poison gas, and the German U-boat • Valuable insights into the war’s influence on this century’s political and cultural development
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