Although it is now possible to integrate many millions of transistors on a single chip, traditional digital circuit technology is now reaching its limits, facing problems of cost and technical efficiency when scaled down to ever-smaller feature sizes. The analysis of biological neural systems, especially for visual processing, has allowed engineers to better understand how complex networks can effectively process large amounts of information, whilst dealing with difficult computational challenges. Analog and parallel processing are key characteristics of biological neural networks. Analog VLSI circuits using the same features can therefore be developed to emulate brain-style processing. Using standard CMOS technology, they can be cheaply manufactured, permitting efficient industrial and consumer applications in robotics and mobile electronics. This book explores the theory, design and implementation of analog VLSI circuits, inspired by visual motion processing in biological neural networks. Using a novel approach pioneered by the author himself, Stocker explains in detail the construction of a series of electronic chips, providing the reader with a valuable practical insight into the technology. Analog VLSI Circuits for the Perception of Visual Motion: analyses the computational problems in visual motion perception; examines the issue of optimization in analog networks through high level processes such as motion segmentation and selective attention; demonstrates network implementation in analog VLSI CMOS technology to provide computationally efficient devices; sets out measurements of final hardware implementation; illustrates the similarities of the presented circuits with the human visual motion perception system; includes an accompanying website with video clips of circuits under real-time visual conditions and additional supplementary material. With a complete review of all existing neuromorphic analog VLSI systems for visual motion sensing, Analog VLSI Circuits for the Perception of Visual Motion is a unique reference for advanced students in electrical engineering, artificial intelligence, robotics and computational neuroscience. It will also be useful for researchers, professionals, and electronics engineers working in the field.
Molecular Biology of the Hepatitis B Virus presents a comprehensive account of the various molecular aspects of the life cycle of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Topics covered include the animal model systems, sequence data on the hepadnavirus genomes, the transcripts coded for the biral genome and sequence elements involved in regulating their expression, hepadnavirus replication, and analysis of the various HBV gene products and their role in virion synthesis and assembly. Other important features of the book include its discussions of the consequences of long term exposure to hepadnavirus infection and its association with hepatocellular carcinoma, the use of recombinant technologies in the generation of second generation vaccines, and the utilization of recombinant technologies to analyze an immune mediated disease. Researchers studying hepadnaviruses will find a wealth of information in this essential reference volume.
The last 20 years has seen a rapid increase in infectious diseases, particularly those that are termed "emerging diseases" such as SARS, "neglected diseases" such as malaria and those that are deemed biothreats such as anthrax. It is well-recognized that the most effective modality for preventing infectious diseases is vaccination. This book provides researchers with a better understanding of what is currently known about these diseases, including whether there is a vaccine available or under development. It also informs readers of the key issues in development of a vaccine for each disease. - Provides a comprehensive treatise of the agents that are responsible for emerging and neglected diseases and those that can be used as biothreats - Includes the processes such as the vaccine development pathway, vaccine manufacturing and regulatory issues that are critical to the generation of these vaccines to the marketplace - Each chapter will include a map of the world showing where that particular disease is naturally found
This volume contains reports on excavations undertaken in the lower walled city at Lincoln, which lies on sloping ground on the northern scarp of the Witham gap, and its adjacent suburbs between 1972 and 1987, and forms a companion volume to LAS volumes 2 and 3 which cover other parts of the historic city. The earliest features encountered were discovered both near to the line of Ermine Street and towards Broadgate. Remains of timber storage buildings were found, probably associated with the Roman legionary occupation in the later 1st century AD. The earliest occupation of the hillside after the foundation of the colonia towards the end of the century consisted mainly of commercial premises, modest residences, and storage buildings. It seems likely that the boundary of the lower enclosure was designated before it was fortified in the later 2nd century with the street pattern belonging to the earlier part of the century. Larger aristocratic residences came to dominate the hillside with public facilities fronting on to the line of the zigzagging main route. In the 4th century, the fortifications were enlarged and two new gates inserted. Examples of so-called ‘Dark Earth’ deposits were here dated to the very latest phases of Roman occupation. Elements of some Roman structures survived to be reused in subsequent centuries. There are hints of one focus in the Middle Saxon period, in the area of St. Peter’s church, but occupation of an urban nature did not recommence until the late 9th century with the first phases of Anglo-Scandinavian occupation recorded here. Sequences of increasingly intensive occupation from the 10th century were identified, with plentiful evidence for industrial activity, including pottery, metalworking and other, crafts, as well as parish churches. Markets were established in the 11th century and stone began to replace timber for residential structures from the mid-12th century with clear evidence of the quality of some of the houses. With the decline in the city’s fortunes from the late 13th century, the fringe sites became depopulated and there was much rebuilding elsewhere, including some fine new houses. There was a further revival in the later post-medieval period, but much of the earlier fabric, and surviving stretches of Roman city wall, were swept away in the 19th century.
Stanley and the "usual suspects" return to immerse the reader into their lives -- their loves, losses, spiritual journeys, and enduring friendships. Sprinkled into the mix are some new and enduring faces and souls, as well as some high profile contemporary figures. Thoroughly engaging, this second novel of Hall's brings to the reader laughs and tears and the resulting message that we are all connected to one another and, of course the Eternal Daddy. A delightful "read" from beginning to end!
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