During the last fifteen years organoselenium chemistry underwent a spectacular mutation: from an exotic area of science practised by a few specialists it became a relatively well mastered and widely used methodology of synthetic organic chemistry. The key to this success is that a fair number of selenium based reagents and reactions have been discovered, which are able to perform specific transformations selectively and often under very mild conditions. The aim of this volume is to present the different selenium containing reagents now available to chemists, to mention the scope as well as the limitations of their reactions, and to compare those which possess similar reactivities. The authors present the reagents in the order of increasing oxidation level around the selenium atom.
This book deals with air-ground aeronautical communications. The main goal is to give the reader a survey of the currently deployed, emerging and future communications systems dedicated to digital data communications between the aircraft and the ground, namely the data link. Those communication systems show specific properties relatively to those commonly used for terrestrial communications. In this book, the system architectures are more specifically considered from the access to the application layers as radio and physical functionalities have already been addressed in detail in others books. The first part is an introduction to aeronautical communications, their specific concepts, properties, requirements and terminology. The second part presents the currently used systems for air ground communications in continental and oceanic area. The third part enlightens the reader on the emerging and future communication systems and some leading research projects focused on this scope. Finally, before the conclusion, the fourth part gives several main challenges and research directions currently under investigation.
Tin in Organic Synthesis is a systematic presentation of the organic chemistry of tin. This book discusses the significant advances that have been made with regard to the applications of organotin compounds as reagents or intermediates in organic synthesis and points out directions for future developments. This monograph is comprised of 17 chapters divided into four sections. Following a brief introduction to organotin chemistry, the production of the organotin reagents, which are most usually employed in organic synthesis, is described. Special emphasis is placed on the creation of a fresh tin-carbon bond, a preliminary step in numerous fruitful applications. The following chapters are devoted to synthetic applications involving tin-hydrogen, tin-carbon, and tin-heteroatom bonds. The reduction of organic halides, carbonyl compounds, thio, nitrogen compounds, unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, and seleno and telluro compounds is considered. The discussion then turns to electrophilic cleavages of tin-carbon bonds, which are of possible interest in organic synthesis, along with transmetallation and metallation of organotin compounds. The creation of new carbon-carbon bonds through substitution, addition, or elimination reactions is also examined. The remaining chapters focus on organotin alkoxides, organotin enolates, organotin oxides and peroxides, and organotin esters. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in the field of organic chemistry.
What are the design or selection criteria for robots that will be capable of carrying out particular functions? How can robots and machines be installed in work locations to obtain maximum effectiveness? How can their programming be made easier? How can a work location be arranged so as to accommodate successfully automatic machines? Traditionally, these questions have only been answered as a result of long and exhaustive study, involving complex calculations and the use of many sketches and plans. Computers and interactive computer graphics provide the possibility of automation for this type of analysis, thus making the task of robot designers and users easier. This volume is concerned with mathematical modelling and graphics representation of robot performance (eg their fields of action, their performance index) as a function of their structure, mechanical parts and memory systems. Used in conjunction with operating specifications, such as movement programs and computer-aided design (CAD) data bases that describe parts or tools, these perform ance models can allow the potential of different robots or different models of the same type of robot to be compared, workstations to be organized efficiently, responses to be optimized, errors to be minimized and can make off-line programming by computer a real possibility. In the future, it is certain that the appearance of robots designed to monitor their own performances will allow applications and safety conditions to be considerably improved.
During the last fifteen years organoselenium chemistry underwent a spectacular mutation: from an exotic area of science practised by a few specialists it became a relatively well mastered and widely used methodology of synthetic organic chemistry. The key to this success is that a fair number of selenium based reagents and reactions have been discovered, which are able to perform specific transformations selectively and often under very mild conditions. The aim of this volume is to present the different selenium containing reagents now available to chemists, to mention the scope as well as the limitations of their reactions, and to compare those which possess similar reactivities. The authors present the reagents in the order of increasing oxidation level around the selenium atom.
The world is changing fast and politics are changing with them. Throughout history, times of change are marked by great leaders changing the world for the better. Our world today is in crisis. There is a need for a new generation of politicians to change the world, and they seem to appear, with a new style to how they think and how they behave, and Emmanuel Macron could very well be a prototype. Macron Unveiled examines Macron's first four years as France's president, scrutinizing Macron's personality, his way of solving problems, his sources of inspiration, his mistakes, his difficulties, as well as the impact he may already have had in his country, in Europe, and the world. New leaders with a modern approach to politics are quickly emerging, and despite having limited political experience, they are facing the challenges of today head on. As the world moves on from the impact of President Trump, there is a growing interest in world affairs what leadership will look like tomorrow. New ideas and new ways of doing things are changing the political landscape. As a former French Diplomat, psychologist, and political coach, Alain Lefebvre is uniquely positioned to explain the French perspective to international audiences. He brings careful analysis and historical context to Macron's time in office and presents the information in a way that will helps readers gain a better understanding of who Macron is as a man, a leader, and a prototype for the next generation of political leaders.
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