Over the last decades several researchers discovered that children, pupils and even young adults develop their own understanding of "how nature really works". These pre-concepts concerning combustion, gases or conservation of mass are brought into lectures and teachers have to diagnose and to reflect on them for better instruction. In addition, there are ‘school-made misconceptions’ concerning equilibrium, acid-base or redox reactions which originate from inappropriate curriculum and instruction materials. The primary goal of this monograph is to help teachers at universities, colleges and schools to diagnose and ‘cure’ the pre-concepts. In case of the school-made misconceptions it will help to prevent them from the very beginning through reflective teaching. The volume includes detailed descriptions of class-room experiments and structural models to cure and to prevent these misconceptions.
This volume covers the years 96-105 A.H. (A.D. 715-724), describing the final, disastrous Arabic attempt to take Constantinople; the backroom machinations to bring the reformer Umar II to the throne; his brief reign and the abrupt reversal of his policies; the conflicts and revolts of tribal, political, and religious factions; the controversy of non-Arab converts; and the end of Islamic expansion. Paper edition, $16.95 (not seen). Volume 25 covers the Umayyad caliphate at its widest geographical extent, a period of apparent stability that was at nearly the end of the political unity of Islam. The focus is on military and political events in Khurasan and Irag, from where the Abbasids would soon rise to claim the caliphate. Paper edition, (not seen) $19.95. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Late-Stage Fluorination of Bioactive Molecules and Biologically-Relevant Substrates reviews how the use of these techniques on compounds with already known and relevant biological activity can provide new pharmaceutical leads with improved medicinal properties. The fluorination strategies discussed take into account both conventional and novel reagents, including nucleophilic, electrophilic, those of a radical nature, and diverse families of organic compounds, such as (hetero) aromatic rings and aliphatic substrates. Drawing on the authors' expert knowledge, this book provides researchers with a broad set of applicable methods to use in their work. - Highlights the latest developments in the field in a concise volume - Provides details of key fluorinating reagents across diverse families of organic compounds - Explores the current applications and future potential of fluorine in drug development
كتاب في التاريخ، متخصص بسيرة عمر بن عبد العزيز الخليفة الزاهد، تلك السيرة المباركة لهذا الإمام العظيم الذي أحيا السنة ونشر العدل بإخلاصه وإيمانه، لذا قد أفرد له الإمام ابن الجوزي هذا الكتاب وقد قسمه أربعة وأربعين بابا مبتدئا بمولده حتى وفاته وتركته وجاء ا
Provides an insight into the everyday lives of Sufi devotees of the eighth-eleventh centuries and the moral and ethical dilemmas they were facing. This work invites the reader to explore the world of Islamic ascetic and mystical piety.
In this volume, which covers the caliphates of Sulaymān, ʿUmar II, and Yazīd II, al-Ṭabarī provides vivid and detailed accounts of the events spanning the period from 97-105/715-724. We listen to the stirring speeches of Qutaybah ibn Muslim, in which he urges his followers to renounce their allegiance to Sulaymān; are present at the disastrous third and final attempt to take Constantinople; watch from behind the scenes as Rajaʾ ibn Ḥaywah skillfully engineers the accession of 'Umar II; and follow the remarkable career of Yazīd b. al-Muhallab, first as governor and conqueror, then as prisoner, and finally as rebel. Throughout this volume we observe the struggle of the Umayyad regime to maintain control over a rapidly expanding but increasingly dissatisfied subject population. Governors are appointed and dismissed with dizzying rapidity, administrative boundaries are drawn and redrawn, Arab tribesmen express dissatisfaction with the diminishing rewards of military conquest, non-Arab converts chafe at the differential treatment they receive, and religious opponents revolt in the name of "the Book and the Sunnah." Important in their own right, the events of this period provide an essential key to a proper understanding of the 'Abbasid revolution that lay just over the horizon. A discounted price is available when purchasing the entire 39-volume History of al-Ṭabarī set. Contact SUNY Press for more information.
Despite the vast amount of information and the number of factual details assembled during the past century by Western scholarship in the fields of orientalism and comparative religion, many gaps still exist in the knowledge of the various religions of the world, even on the level of historical facts. Moreover, until recently most of the studies carried out within these fields have suffered from a lack of metaphysical penetration and sympathetic insight. One of the most notable omissions in Western studies of the religions of the East, and of Islam in particular, has occurred in the case of Shi'ism. Until now Shi'ism has received little attention; and when it has been discussed, it has usually been relegated to the secondary and peripheral status of a religio-political "sect," a heterodoxy or even a heresy. Hence its importance in both the past and the present has been belittled far more than a fair and objective study of the matter would justify. The present work hopes to redress partially the lack of ac- cessible and reliable English-language material pertaining to Shi'ism. It is the first of a series of books designed to bring to the English-speaking world accurate information about Shi'ism through the translation of writings by authentic Shi'ite represen tatives and of some of the traditional sources which, along with the Quran, form the foundation of Shi'ite Islam. The purpose of this series is to present Shi'ism as a living reality as it has been and as it is, in both its doctrinal and historical aspects. Thereby we can reveal yet another dimension of the Islamic tradition and make better known the richness of the Islamic revelation in its historical unfolding, which could have been willed only by Providence. -- from Preface (p. 3-4).
The Following is the introduction of the author about the book: I was motivated to write this book because I saw that a large number of people gave themselves the title “Shia” without respecting this title or being aware of its rights. A sensible person is one who knows the value of that which he possesses, so he can honour it if it deserves to be honoured and he can treasure it if it deserves to be treasured, and he can protect it from anything that will ruin it. I intentionally collected the Ahadith that reveal the status of the Shia, the rewards and the honour that Allah has prepared for them in the highest levels of Paradise, and the status of the pious Imams in Allah’s eyes. Therefore, those who read this book will learn with certainty the value of a Shia, and thereby respect and honour this title and stay committed to their obligatory duties that they have as Shia. May those who benefit from the contents of this book increasingly pray for me. This book is entitled Bishāratul Muṣṭafā Le Shī'atil Murtaḍā (The Glad Tidings of Muṣṭafā for the Shia of Murtaḍā) and I have not included any Ḥadīth in it except the most authentic Aḥādith rom the most trusted scholars. I seek nothing but to please Allah and I ask nothing but the prayers of those who read this book. I desire nothing but to attain nearness to the best of the creation (the Messenger of Allah) and his purified family, the Imams of guidance. May Allah’s blessings be on them, to the extent of the number of every (grain of) sand and every stone. I ask Allah for piety and support, for He is the best supporter, who with His generosity, listens to prayers and grants them.
Tabari adds little to the historical details of the battle on the border between the desert and the Iraqi lowlands, in which the newly Islamicized Arabs decisively defeated the Persians. But the anecdotes of bravery, endurance, craft, and eloquence probably record the popular stories as they had come down to his own 10th century. Other events are also described for the years A.D. 635-637, part of the reign of Umar b. al-Khattab. The 39-volume series will be the first complete translation of Tabari's history of the Middle East, completed A.D. 915. Paper edition (unseen), $19.95. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
First published in 1995. The author presents this book as a tale of a small and distinct country and an account for its struggle for self-preservation, continued development and progress despite all the challenges it faces in a sensitive part of the world. The author states The 'Bahraini example' provides a living proof that a small productive country can become an important factor in the stability and development of the region in which it exists and thereafter in the entire world.
This book is a translation, accurate and readable, of one of the wittiest pieces of medieval Arabic prose — Abu ‘Uthman al-Jahiz’s Avarice and the Avaricious. In the opinion of most Arab literary critics, Abu ‘Uthman al-Jahiz is one of the finest writers of Arabic of all time, described as the "sultan of style" and the very symbol of literary ability. He was a native of the city of Basra in southern Iraq, then the commercial and intellectual centre of the recently established Abbasid caliphate and the crucible where Islamic culture crystallised and assumed its form. Jahiz is characterised by wit, satire, irony and a wide-ranging erudition pinned to sharp observation of character. His language is agile and vigorous, lucid and precise. It is formally literary but inspired by the rhythms of ordinary speech. Digression and anecdote are commonplace as he passes seamlessly from the serious to the entertaining (and back again) for the improvement and pleasure of his readers. Hypocrisy and pretension are his targets. Reason, good sense, and a wholly uncynical good humour — the very salt of mirth — are his weapons. These qualities can all be found in the present work; one of his best-known books and, as the title suggests, an expose of the vice of miserliness among his contemporaries.
Around 1720 in Fez A mad b. al-Mub rak al-Lama , a religious scholar, wrote down the words and teachings of the Sufi master Abd al- Az z al-Dabb gh. Al-Dabb gh shunned religious studies but, having reached illumination and met with the Prophet Mu ammad, he was able to explain any obscurities in the Qur n, ad ths and sayings of earlier Sufis. The resulting book, known as the Ibr z, describes how al-Dabb gh attained illumination and access to the Prophet, as well as his teachings about the Council of the godly that regulates the world, relations between master and disciple, the darkness in men s bodies, Adam s creation, Barzakh, Paradise and Hell, and much more besides.This encyclopaedia of Sufism with its many teaching stories and illustrations provides a window onto social life and religious ideasin Fez a generation or so before powerful outside forces began to play a role in the radical transformation of Morocco.
This book provides insight into the biology and genomics of the genus Boswellia (family Burseraceae), a natural resource used for the production of frankincense, an oleo-gum resin. The Boswellia species are ecologically, medicinally, commercially and culturally important. Significantly contributing to the paucity of comprehensive literature on this genus, this volume provides a detailed discussion on the genomics, physiology and ecology of Boswellia. The chapters cover a wide range of topics, including taxonomy, distribution, genetic diversity and microbiology. The production process of frankincense and its impact on the species are presented as well. In light of the recent decline of various Boswellia populations, species propagation and conservation are discussed. Plant scholars, ecologists and conservation biologists will find this book to be an important and informative reference.
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