Any analysis of health financing issues has to begin with sound estimates of the level and flow of resources in a health system, including total levels of spending, the sources of health expenditures, the uses of funds in terms of services purchased, and in terms of who purchases them. The analysis should also aim at understanding how these resource flows are correlated with health system outcomes, including those of improving health, reducing health inequalities, and reducing the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure. National Health Accounts (NHA) provide a framework to collect, compile, and analyze such data on all types of health spending in a country—and so create a robust evidence base for policy making. Although NHA data delineate the key financial metrics of a health system, the collection of these data have not been institutionalized in most developing countries. The root problems are often the same: insufficient resources to collect, collate, analyze and produce information on spending; poor development of health and other information systems; low levels of local capacity to interpret information to meet policy needs; and inadequate demand for data within countries. Furthermore, in many low- and middle-income countries, NHA activities have been conducted as ad hoc, donor-driven initiatives. Since 2008, the World Bank has been coordinating a global initiative to identify bottlenecks to the institutionalization of NHA, and to learn lessons in countries at different stages on the journey towards this institutionalization. The focus has been less on the production of NHA and more on its relevance as a tool to enable policy makers develop and implement evidence-based decisions, and better measure the impact of health reforms, especially those related to health financing. This report has been developed through a consultative process, involving experts and policy makers from more than fifty low-, middle- and high-income countries, large and small, in all corners of the world, development partners and World Bank staff globally. The report represents a synthesis of lessons learned from country experiences and is intended to serve as a strategic guide to countries and their development partners as they design and implement their strategy to develop nationally relevant and internationally comparable data, collected in a routine and cost-effective manner.
The goals of universal health coverage (UHC) are to ensure that all people can access quality health services, to safeguard all people from public health risks, and to protect all people from impoverishment due to illness, whether from out-of-pocket payments for health care or loss of income when a household member falls sick. Countries as diverse as Brazil, France, Japan, Thailand, and Turkey have shown how UHC can serve as vital mechanisms for improving the health and welfare of their citizens, and lay the foundation for economic growth and competitiveness grounded in the principles of equity and sustainability. Ensuring universal access to affordable, quality health services will be an important contribution to ending extreme poverty by 2030 and boosting shared prosperity in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where most of the world's poor live. The book synthesizes the experiences from 11 countries – Bangladesh, Brazil, France, Ethiopia, Ghana, Indonesia, Japan, Peru, Thailand, Turkey and Vietnam – in implementing policies and strategies to achieve and sustain UHC. These countries represent diverse geographic and economic conditions, but all have committed to UHC as a key national aspiration and are approaching it in different ways. The study examined the UHC policies for each country around three common themes: (i) the political economy and policy process for adopting, achieving, and sustaining UHC; (ii) health financing policies to enhance health coverage; and (iii) human resources for health policies for achieving UHC. The findings from these country studies are intended to provide lessons that can be used by countries aspiring to adopt, achieve, and sustain UHC. Although the path to UHC is specific to each country, countries can benefit from the experiences of others in learning about different approaches and avoiding potential risks.
La CSU a pour objectifs de s’assurer que tous peuvent avoir accès à des services de santé de qualité, de préserver l’ensemble des individus contre les risques à la santé publique et de protéger toutes les personnes contre l’appauvrissement attribuable à la maladie. Des pays aussi divers que le Brésil, la France, le Japon, la Thaïlande et la Turquie ont réussi à mettre en œuvre la CSU et illustrent comment ces programmes peuvent à la fois agir en tant que dispositifs essentiels d’amélioration de la santé et du bien-être de leurs citoyens et mettre en place les fondations d’une croissance économique basée sur des principes d’équité et de durabilité. L’assurance d’un accès universel à des services de santé abordables et de qualité contribuera de façon importante à l’éradication de la pauvreté extrême en 2030 et à la stimulation d’une prospérité partagée dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire, où vit la majorité de la population pauvre mondiale. 'La couverture sanitaire universelle pour un développement durable inclusif' synthétise les expériences de 11 pays †“ Bangladesh, Brésil, Éthiopie, France, Ghana, Indonésie, Japon, Pérou, Thaïlande, Turquie et Vietnam †“ dans la mise en œuvre de politiques et de stratégies d’atteinte et de maintien de la CSU. Tous ces pays se sont engagés envers l’atteinte de la CSU, considérée comme une aspiration nationale clé, mais ont adopté à cet effet des approches distinctes. L’ouvrage examine les politiques de CSU de chaque pays à partir de 3 thèmes communs : (1) l’économie politique et le processus politique d’adoption, d’atteinte et de maintien de la CSU; (2) les politiques financières d’amélioration de la couverture sanitaire; et (3) les ressources humaines en santé au service des politiques d’atteinte de la CSU. Les constats tirés de ces études pays sont une source d’enseignements auxquels peuvent faire référence les pays qui aspirent à l’adoption, à l’atteinte et au maintien de la CSU. Même si la voie vers la CSU reste spécifique à chaque pays, tous peuvent profiter des expériences des autres en apprenant des différentes approches et en évitant les risques potentiels.
Las metas de la cobertura universal de salud son asegurar que todas las personas puedan tener acceso a los servicios de salud de calidad, proteger a todas las personas de los riesgos para la salud publica y del empobrecimiento debido a enfermedad, ya sea por pagos directos por atencion sanitaria 0 por perdida de ingresos cuando un miembro de la familia se enferma. Paises tan diversos como Brasil, Francia, Japan, Tailandia y Turquia han mostrado como la cobertura universal de salud puede servir como un mecanisma vital para mejorar la salud. Garantizar el acceso universal a los servicios de salud asequibles y de calidad sera una contribucion importante para acabar con la pobreza extrema para el 2030 en los paises de bajos ingresos y de ingresos medios, donde vive la mayor parte de los. mas pobres del mundo. La cobertura universal de salud para el desarrollo inclusivo y sostenible sintetiza las experiencias de Bangladesh, Brasil, Etiopia, Francia, Ghana, Indonesia, Japan, Peru, Tailandia, Turquia y Viet Nam en cuanto a la implernentacion de las politicas y estrategias para lograr y mantener la cobertura universal de salud. Estos paises representan condiciones geograticas y econ6micas diversas, pero todos se han comprometido can la cobertura universal de salud como una aspiracion nacional clave y estan acercandose a ella de maneras diferentes. En ellibro se examinan las politicas de cobertura universal de salud de cada pais alrededor de tres temas comunes: la economia politica y el proceso de forrnulacion de la polltica para adoptar, lograr y mantener la cobertura universal de salud; las politicas de financiacion sanitaria para mejorar la cobertura sanitaria; y los recursos humanos para las politicas de salud para lograr la cobertura universal de salud. Los hallazgos de estos estudios de pais tienen por objeto proporcionar enseiianzas que pueden ser utilizadas por los paises que aspiran a adoptar, tograr y mantener la cobertura universal de salud. Aunque el camino ala cobertura universal de salud es especifico para cada pais, los paises pueden beneficiarse de las experiencias de otros al conocer acerca de diferentes enfoques y evitar los riesgos previsibles.
The goals of universal health coverage (UHC) are to ensure that all people can access quality health services, to safeguard all people from public health risks, and to protect all people from impoverishment due to illness, whether from out-of-pocket payments for health care or loss of income when a household member falls sick. Countries as diverse as Brazil, France, Japan, Thailand, and Turkey have shown how UHC can serve as vital mechanisms for improving the health and welfare of their citizens, and lay the foundation for economic growth and competitiveness grounded in the principles of equity and sustainability. Ensuring universal access to affordable, quality health services will be an important contribution to ending extreme poverty by 2030 and boosting shared prosperity in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where most of the world's poor live. The book synthesizes the experiences from 11 countries – Bangladesh, Brazil, France, Ethiopia, Ghana, Indonesia, Japan, Peru, Thailand, Turkey and Vietnam – in implementing policies and strategies to achieve and sustain UHC. These countries represent diverse geographic and economic conditions, but all have committed to UHC as a key national aspiration and are approaching it in different ways. The study examined the UHC policies for each country around three common themes: (i) the political economy and policy process for adopting, achieving, and sustaining UHC; (ii) health financing policies to enhance health coverage; and (iii) human resources for health policies for achieving UHC. The findings from these country studies are intended to provide lessons that can be used by countries aspiring to adopt, achieve, and sustain UHC. Although the path to UHC is specific to each country, countries can benefit from the experiences of others in learning about different approaches and avoiding potential risks.
This report summarize the experience since 2008 of the global efforts coordinated by the World Bank to use National Health Accounts (NHA) to better assess sources and allocation of public, donor and private health expenditures and inform countries' health financing policies.
Modern societies today contend with population dynamics that have never before existed. As the number of older people grows, these countries must determine how best to provide for the needs of this population. The constraints are real: fiscal and material resources are finite and must be shared in a way that is perceived as just. As such, societies confront the fundamental question of who gets what, how, and why, and ultimately must reappraise the principles determining why some people are considered more worthy of help than others. This study systematically explores the Japanese and American answers to this fundamental question. This is the only US-Japan comparative work of its kind, utilizing systematically comparable data from both countries. It also draws on interview material that presents the choices, disappointments, and satisfactions of old age in the individual's own words.
This is the first extensive English-language study of Yasukuni Shrine as a war memorial. It explores the controversial shrine’s role in waging war, promoting peace, honoring the dead, and, in particular, building Japan’s modern national identity. It traces Yasukuni’s history from its conceptualization in the final years of the Tokugawa period and Japan’s wars of imperialism to the present. Author Akiko Takenaka departs from existing scholarship on Yasukuni by considering various themes important to the study of war and its legacies through a chronological and thematic survey of the shrine, emphasizing the spatial practices that took place both at the shrine and at regional sites associated with it over the last 150 years. Rather than treat Yasukuni as a single, unchanging ideological entity, she takes into account the social and political milieu, maps out gradual transformations in both its events and rituals, and explicates the ideas that the shrine symbolizes. Takenaka illuminates the ways the shrine’s spaces were used during wartime, most notably in her reconstructions, based on primary sources, of visits by war-bereaved military families to the shrine during the Asia-Pacific War. She also traces important episodes in Yasukuni’s postwar history, including the filing of lawsuits against the shrine and recent attempts to reinvent it for the twenty-first century. Through a careful analysis of the shrine’s history over one and a half centuries, her work views the making and unmaking of a modern militaristic Japan through the lens of Yasukuni Shrine. Yasukuni Shrine: History, Memory, and Japan’s Unending Postwar is a skilled and innovative examination of modern and contemporary Japan’s engagement with the critical issues of war, empire, and memory. It will be of particular interest to readers of Japanese history and culture as well as those who follow current affairs and foreign relations in East Asia. Its discussion of spatial practices in the life of monuments and the political use of images, media, and museum exhibits will find a welcome audience among those engaged in memory, visual culture, and media studies.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographic index. 325 photographs and illustrations - mostly color. Free of charge in digital PDF format.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographical index. 234 photographs and illustrations - mostly color. Free of charge in digital PDF format on Google Books
The world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject, with 445 photographs and illustrations. Plus an extensive index.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographical index. 318 photographs and illustrations - many in color. Free of charge in digital PDF format on Google Books.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a worldwide disease with a significant morbidity and mortality; it is the leading cause of non-ulcer dyspepsia, peptic ulcers and gastric tumors, including low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. In addition, it has also been recognized that the interaction between H. pylori and non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs is damaging to the gastroduodenal mucosa. H. pylori treatment still remains a challenge for physicians, since no current first-line therapy is able to cure the infection in all treated patients. This issue will serve to update gastroenterologists on current therapies, evaluation and management of disease progression, and the future of management of H. pylori infection.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographic index. 158 photographs and illustrations - mostly color. Free of charge in digital PDF format.
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a worldwide disease with a significant morbidity and mortality; it is the leading cause of non-ulcer dyspepsia, peptic ulcers and gastric tumors, including low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-lymphoma and adenocarcinoma. In addition, it has also been recognized that the interaction between H. pylori and non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs is damaging to the gastroduodenal mucosa. H. pylori treatment still remains a challenge for physicians, since no current first-line therapy is able to cure the infection in all treated patients. This issue will serve to update gastroenterologists on current therapies, evaluation and management of disease progression, and the future of management of H. pylori infection.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographic index. 233 photographs and illustrations - mostly color. Free of charge in digital PDF format.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographic index. 20 photographs and illustrations - many color. Free of charge in digital PDF format.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographic index. 640 photographs and illustrations - many color. Free of charge in digital PDF format.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive index. 372 photographs and illustrations. Free of charge in digital format on Google Books.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographical index. 363 photographs and illustrations - many in color. Free of charge in digital PDF format.
This is the world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographical index. 91 photographs and illustrations - mostly color, Free of charge.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographic index. 231 photographs and illustrations - mostly color. Free of charge in digital PDF format.
The world's most comprehensive, well documented, and well illustrated book on this subject. With extensive subject and geographic index. 124 photographs and illustrations - mostly color. Free of charge in digital PDF format.
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