It presents how the spatial system of market centres is organised and structured in the form of vested hierarchical system, and how regional development should be structured in consonance with their regional hierarchy, so that the functional cohesion and efficiency of the regional system is preserved and augmented.
A Fractal Analysis of Chemical Kinetics with Applications to Biological and Biosensor Interfaces analyzes the kinetics of binding and dissociation of different analytes by different biosensor techniques, demonstrating, and then comparing each other. Emphasis is on newer instrumentation techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi), and classical techniques, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and finally, DNA biosensors and nanobiosensors. In addition, the closing chapter includes discussion of biosensor economics. Presents and compares different biosensor techniques Evaluates the kinetics of binding and dissociation of different analytes on biosensor surfaces Explores the major applications of biosensors in the field
Completely revised and updated, this third edition of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery elucidates the basic principles of pharmaceutics, biopharmaceutics, dosage form design, and drug delivery – including emerging new biotechnology-based treatment modalities. The authors integrate aspects of physical pharmacy, chemistry, biology, and biopharmaceutics into drug delivery. This book highlights the increased attention that the recent spectacular advances in gene therapy and nanotechnology have brought to dosage form design and drug delivery. With the expiration of older patents and generic competition, the biopharmaceutical industry is evolving faster than ever. Apart from revising and updating existing chapters on the basic principles, this edition highlights the emerging emphasis on drug discovery, antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates as therapeutic moieties, individualized medicine including patient stratification strategies, targeted drug delivery, and the increasing role of modeling and simulation. Although there are numerous books on pharmaceutics and dosage forms, most cover different areas of the discipline and do not provide an integrated approach. The integrated approach of this book not only provides a singular perspective of the overall field, but also supplies a unified source of information for students, instructors and professionals, saving their time and money.
This book provides a thorough introduction to the essential topics in modern materials science. It brings together the spectrum of materials science topics, spanning inorganic and organic materials, nanomaterials, biomaterials, and alloys within a single cohesive and comprehensive resource. Synthesis and processing techniques, structural and crystallographic configurations, properties, classifications, process mechanisms, applications, and related numerical problems are discussed in each chapter. End-of-chapter summaries and problems are included to deepen and reinforce the reader's comprehension. Provides a cohesive and comprehensive reference on a wide range of materials and processes in modern materials science; Presents material in an engaging manner to encourage innovative practices and perspectives; Includes chapter summaries and problems at the end of every chapter for reinforcement of concepts.
This book is a multidisciplinary analysis of the meaning and dynamics of multilingualism from the perspectives of multilingual societies and language communities in the margins, who are trapped in a vicious circle of disadvantage. It analyses the social, psychological and sociolinguistic processes of linguistic dominance and hierarchical relationships among languages, discrimination, marginalisation and assertive maintenance in multilingualism characterised by a Double Divide, and shows the relationship between educational neglect of languages, capability deprivation and poverty, and loss of linguistic diversity. Its comparative analysis of language-in-education policies and practices and applications of multilingual education (MLE) in diverse contexts shows some promises and challenges in the education of indigenous/tribal/minority children. This book will be of interest to students, researchers, educators and practitioners in sociolinguistics, educational linguistics, psycholinguistics, multilingualism and bilingual/multilingual education.
Recent advances in technology and instrumentation, mean that robot-assisted surgery has become increasingly established as an alternative to traditional open surgeries. This book is a practical guide to robotic surgery, beginning with an overview of the techniques and anaesthesia, highlighting the vital role played by anaesthetists in early patient recovery. The following sections cover all major surgical subspecialties including, general surgery, thoracic and vascular, gynaecological, urogynaecological, and paediatric and adult urology. The text is highly illustrated with clinical images and tables, and is further enhanced by an interactive DVD ROM demonstrating robotic surgical procedures including sleeve gastrectomy, rectopexy, hysterectomy, hernia repair, and much more. Key points Practical guide to robotic surgery covering all major subspecialties Provides overview of techniques and anaesthesia Highly illustrated with clinical images and tables Includes interactive DVD ROM demonstrating robotic surgical procedures
Contributed articles presented at the National Seminar on Recommendations of the Twelfth Finance Commission and their Implications for the State Finances, on 6th and 7th May 2005 at Giri Institute of Development Studies.
This book introduces the parallel and distributed approach to logic programming, examining existing models of distributed logic programming, and proposing an alternative framework for distributed logic programming using extended Petri nets. The hardwired realization of the Petri net based framework is presented in detail, and principles of mapping of a logic program on to the proposed framework are outlined. Finally, the book explores the scope of Petri net models in designing next-generation deductive database machines.
Gandhi's economic theories were a part of his vision of self-government, which meant not just freedom from colonial rule but the achievement of self-reliance and self-respect by the villagers of India. Areas examined include: * consumption behaviour * industrialization, technology and the scale of production * trusteeship and industrial relations *
Biomarkers and Biosensors offers thorough coverage of biomarker/biosensor interaction, current research trends, and future developments in applications of drug discovery. This book is useful to researchers in this field as well as clinicians interested in new developments in early detection and diagnosis of disease or the mode of operation of biomarkers. Biomarkers and Biosensors also emphasizes kinetics, and clearly delineates how this influences the biomarker market. Offers thorough coverage of the kinetics of biomarker interaction with the biosensor surface Provides evidence-based approach to evaluate effectiveness Provides pharmaceutical chemists the possibilities and methodology in assessing the effectiveness of new drugs Provides the information needed for the selection of the best biomarker for a specific application
This book offers a comprehensive overview of drug and chemical cellular toxicity, especially concerning the effects of anticancer drugs (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and phosphamidon) on chromosomes and proteins. It covers histological changes in rat testis during pre- and postnatal exposure to varied drug doses, along with laboratory findings on arsenic exposure and alcohol consumption producing neurological changes and deleterious effects on reproductive health in animals. The book offers essential information on the role of anticancer drug- / chemical-mediated toxicity in connection with genetic changes in the brain and reproductive health, making it a valuable guide for researchers working in the areas of cancer research, infertility, molecular diagnostics and modern drug discovery, at biochemical and toxicity laboratories, and in genetic predisposition and molecular biology in general.
The literature in polymerization reaction engineering has bloomed sufficiently in the last several years to justify our attempt in putting together this book. Rather than offer a comprehensive treatment of the entire field, thereby duplicating earlier texts as well as some ongoing bookwriting efforts, we decided to narrow down our aim to step growth polymerization systems. This not only provides us the lUxury of a more elaborate presentation within the constraints of production costs, but also enables us to remain on somewhat familiar terrain. The style and format we have selected are those of a textbook. The first six chapters present the principles of step growth polymerization. These are quite general, and can easily be applied in such diverse and emerging fields as polymerization applications in photolithography and microelec tronics. A detailed discussion of several important step growth polymeriz ations follows in the next five chapters. One could cover the first six chapters of this book in about six to eight weeks of a three-credit graduate course on polymerization reactors, with the other chapters assigned for reading. This could be followed by a discussion of chain-growth and other polymeriz ations, with which our material blends well. Alternately, the entire contents of this book could be covered in a course on step growth systems alone.
Reliability and safety are core issues that must be addressed throughout the life cycle of engineering systems. Reliability and Safety Engineering presents an overview of the basic concepts, together with simple and practical illustrations. The authors present reliability terminology in various engineering fields, viz., electronics engineering, software engineering, mechanical engineering, structural engineering and power systems engineering. The book describes the latest applications in the area of probabilistic safety assessment, such as technical specification optimization, risk monitoring and risk informed in-service inspection. Reliability and safety studies must, inevitably, deal with uncertainty, so the book includes uncertainty propagation methods: Monte Carlo simulation, fuzzy arithmetic, Dempster-Shafer theory and probability bounds. Reliability and Safety Engineering also highlights advances in system reliability and safety assessment including dynamic system modeling and uncertainty management. Case studies from typical nuclear power plants as well as from structural, software and electronic systems are also discussed. Reliability and Safety Engineering combines discussions of the existing literature on basic concepts and applications with state-of-the-art methods used in reliability and risk assessment of engineering systems. It is designed to assist practicing engineers, students and researchers in the areas of reliability engineering and risk analysis.
Speed up your development processes and improve your productivity by writing practical and relevant prompts to build web applications and Machine Learning (ML) models Purchase of the print or Kindle book includes a free PDF copy Key Features Utilize prompts to enhance frontend and backend web development Develop prompt strategies to build robust machine learning models Use GitHub Copilot for data exploration, maintaining existing code bases, and augmenting ML models into web applications Book DescriptionAI-Assisted Programming for Web and Machine Learning shows you how to build applications and machine learning models and automate repetitive tasks. Part 1 focuses on coding, from building a user interface to the backend. You’ll use prompts to create the appearance of an app using HTML, styling with CSS, adding behavior with JavaScript, and working with multiple viewports. Next, you’ll build a web API with Python and Flask and refactor the code to improve code readability. Part 1 ends with using GitHub Copilot to improve the maintainability and performance of existing code. Part 2 provides a prompting toolkit for data science from data checking (inspecting data and creating distribution graphs and correlation matrices) to building and optimizing a neural network. You’ll use different prompt strategies for data preprocessing, feature engineering, model selection, training, hyperparameter optimization, and model evaluation for various machine learning models and use cases. The book closes with chapters on advanced techniques on GitHub Copilot and software agents. There are tips on code generation, debugging, and troubleshooting code. You’ll see how simpler and AI-powered agents work and discover tool calling.What you will learn Speed up your coding and machine learning workflows with GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT Use an AI-assisted approach across the development lifecycle Implement prompt engineering techniques in the data science lifecycle Develop the frontend and backend of a web application with AI assistance Build machine learning models with GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT Refactor code and fix faults for better efficiency and readability Improve your codebase with rich documentation and enhanced workflows Who this book is for Experienced developers new to GitHub Copilot and ChatGPT can discover the best strategies to improve productivity and deliver projects quicker than traditional methods. This book is ideal for software engineers working on web or machine learning projects. It is also a useful resource for web developers, data scientists, and analysts who want to improve their efficiency with the help of prompting. This book does not teach web development or how different machine learning models work.
This book covers the fundamentals of protein inactivation during bioseparation and the effect on protein processing. Bioseparation of Proteins is unique because it provides a background of the bioseparation processes, and it is the first book available to emphasize the influence of the different bioseparation processes on protein inactivation. Bioseparation of Proteins covers the extent, mechanisms of, and control of protein inactivation during these processes along with the subsequent and essential validation of these processes. The book focuses on the avoidance of protein (biologicalproduct) inactivation at each step in a bioprocess. It compares protein inactivation exhibited during the different bioseparation processes by different workers and provides a valuable framework for workers in different areas interested in bioseparations. Topics include separation and detection methods; estimates of protein inactivation and an analysis of this problem for different separation processes; strategies for avoiding inactivation; the molecular basis of surface activity and protein adsorption,process monitoring, and product validation techniques; and the economics of various bioseparation processes and quality control procedures. Key Features * Protein inactivation and other aspects of biological stability are critical to an effective bioseparation process; This book is a detailed and critical review of the available literature in an area that is essential to the effectiveness, validation, and economics of bioseparation processes for drugs and other biological products; Conveniently assembled under one cover, the survey of the literature and resulting perspective will greatly assist engineers and chemists in designingand improving their own processes; Key features of the text include: * detailed data on biological stability under various bioseparation conditions * extensive case studies from the literature on separation processes, validation, and economics * simplified analysis of protein refolding and inactivation mechanisms * consideration of adsorption theories and the effect of heterogeneity * coverage of both classical and novel bioseparation techniques, including chromatographic procedures
Biosensors are becoming increasingly important bioanalytical tools in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, food, and other consumer oriented industries. The technology, though well developed in Europe, is slowly developing and has begun to generate interest in the United States only over the past couple of years. Research is now being directed toward the development of biosensors that are versatile, economical, and simple to use.Engineering Biosensors is a comprehensive introduction to biosensors that includes numerous illustrations to further explain the main concepts and practical examples from existing literature. It describes what biosensors are, where they are used, and how their performance is affected by existing surface characteristics.A better understanding of biosensors, as provided by this book, will greatly assist in the design of new as well as the improvement of existing biosensors. Readers are also provided with invaluable and hard-to-find data on the economics of the biosensor market to assist them in better understanding the market and where it is heading.
In an age when cross-border business transactions are increasingly effected without the transference of physical products, revenue concerns of states have led to a multitude of tax disputes based on the concept of ‘nexus’. This important and timely book is the most authoritative to date to discuss one of the major tax topics of our time – the question of how taxing rights on income generated from cross-border activities in the digital age should be allocated among jurisdictions. Demonstrating in prodigious depth that it is the economic nexus of the tax entity or activity with the state, and not the physical nexus, which meets the jurisdictional requirement, the author – a leading authority on this area who is a Senior Commissioner of Income Tax and a Member of the Dispute Resolution Panel of the Government of India – addresses such dimensions of the subject as the following: whether a strict territorial nexus as a normative principle is ingrained in source rule jurisprudence; detailed scrutiny of such classical doctrines as benefit theory, neutrality theory, and internation equity; comparative critique of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and United Nation (UN) model tax treaties; whether international law and customary principles mandate a strict territorial link with the source state for the assumption of tax jurisdiction; whether the economic nexus-based tax jurisdiction and absence of a physical presence breach the constitutional doctrine of extraterritoriality or due process; and whether retrospective tax legislation breaches the principle of constitutional fairness. The book offers a politically informed analysis of the nexus principle and balances the dynamics of physical presence and economic nexus standards, based on an in-depth survey of the historical evolution of judicial pronouncements and international practices in this regard. Dr Singh’s book exposes an urgently needed missing link in the international source rule literature and takes a giant step towards solving the thorny question of appropriate tax apportionment. It sheds brilliant light on the policies states may adopt when signing new tax treaties, so that unintended results may be foreseen and avoided. Tax practitioners, taxation authorities, and academic researchers in the field of international tax law and policy will greatly appreciate the book’s forthright enhancement of the ability to defend challenges based on the nexus doctrine.
This book deals with the whole gamut of General Knowledge and English that an aspirant requires to prepare for CDS/AFA/INA/AFCAT and any other Graduate and above level exam held by UPSC. As it contains detailed notes on Indian History, Geography and Indian Polity followed by MCQs that have appeared in various competitive exams it would prove to be very useful for other competitive exams as well. Besides notes on each topic, it has over 7000 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) on various subjects as per the syllabus. This book on ‘General Knowledge & English’ has been written after lot of research and contains MCQs that have appeared in previous 20 years question papers, of CDS. The detailed notes on History, Geography and Indian Polity with MCQs and MCQs on Indian Economy, Indian Culture, Environment, General Science and Defence & Para Military will prove to be very useful for all other Competitive Exams conducted by UPSC. In addition, in the English Chapter, besides 20 solved question papers of English, Antonyms, Synonyms, One Word and Idioms & phrases that have appeared in various exams have also been included.
Effect of Reynolds number on fractal binding kinetics on a surface-based biosensor -- DNA fractal binding and dissociation kinetics -- Fractal analysis of binding and dissociation interactions of estrogen receptors to ligands on biosensor surfaces -- A fractal analysis of analyte-estrogen receptor binding and dissociation kinetics using biosensors : environmental effects -- A fractal analysis of analyte-estrogen receptor binding and dissociation kinetics using biosensors : biomedical effects -- Fractal analysis of binding interactions of nuclear estrogen receptors occurring on biosensor surfaces -- A kinetic study of analyte-receptor binding and dissociation for biosensor applications : a fractal analysis for cholera toxin and peptide-protein interactions / -- The temporal nature of the binding and dissociation rate coefficients and the affinity values for biosensor kinetics -- Fractal analysis of analyte-receptor binding and dissociation, and dissociation alone for biosensor applicati ...
Bioinformatics is contributing to some of the most important advances in medicine and biology. At the forefront of this exciting new subject are techniques known as artificial intelligence which are inspired by the way in which nature solves the problems it faces. This book provides a unique insight into the complex problems of bioinformatics and the innovative solutions which make up ‘intelligent bioinformatics’. Intelligent Bioinformatics requires only rudimentary knowledge of biology, bioinformatics or computer science and is aimed at interested readers regardless of discipline. Three introductory chapters on biology, bioinformatics and the complexities of search and optimisation equip the reader with the necessary knowledge to proceed through the remaining eight chapters, each of which is dedicated to an intelligent technique in bioinformatics. The book also contains many links to software and information available on the internet, in academic journals and beyond, making it an indispensable reference for the 'intelligent bioinformatician'. Intelligent Bioinformatics will appeal to all postgraduate students and researchers in bioinformatics and genomics as well as to computer scientists interested in these disciplines, and all natural scientists with large data sets to analyse.
Biosensors are essential to an ever-expanding range of applications, including healthcare; drug design; detection of biological, chemical, and toxic agents; environmental monitoring; biotechnology; aviation; physics; oceanography; and the protection of civilian and engineering infrastructures. This book, like the previous five books on biosensors by this author (and one by the co-author), addresses the neglected areas of analyte-receptor binding and dissociation kinetics occurring on biosensor surfaces. Topics are covered in a comprehensive fashion, with homogeneous presentation for the benefit of the reader. The contributors address the economic aspects of biosensors and incorporate coverage of biosensor fabrication and nanobiosensors, among other topics. The comments, comparison, and discussion presented provides a better perspective of where the field of biosensors is heading. Serves as a comprehensive resource on biosensor analysis Examines timely topics such as biosensor fabrication and nanobiosensors Covers economic aspects and medical applications (e.g., the role of analytes in controlling diabetes)
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