Air Force Studies Board's Books

Improving the Air Force Scientific Discovery Mission

Leveraging Best Practices in Basic Research Management: A Workshop Report

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Improving the Air Force Scientific Discovery Mission: Leveraging Best Practices in Basic Research Management: A Workshop

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Improving the Air Force Scientific Discovery Mission

Leveraging Best Practices in Basic Research Management: A Workshop Report

In 2015, the Air Force Studies Board conducted a workshop, consisting of two data-gathering sessions, to review current research practices employed by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR). Improving the Air Force Scientific Discovery Mission summarizes the presentations and discussions of these two sessions. This report explores the unique drivers associated with management of a 6.1 basic research portfolio in the Department of Defense and investigates current and future practices that may further the effective and efficient management of basic research on behalf of the Air Force

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309378338

ISBN 13

9780309378338

Owning the Technical Baseline for Acquisition Programs in the U.S. Air Force

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Owning the Technical Baseline for Acquisition Programs in the U.S. Air Force: A Study

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Owning the Technical Baseline for Acquisition Programs in the U.S. Air Force

While there are examples of successful weapon systems acquisition programs within the U.S. Air Force (USAF), many of the programs are still incurring cost growth, schedule delays, and performance problems. The USAF now faces serious challenges in acquiring and maintaining its weapons systems as it strives to maintain its current programs; add new capabilities to counter evolving threats; and reduce its overall program expenditures. Owning the technical baseline is a critical component of the Air Force's ability to regain and maintain acquisition excellence. Owning the technical baseline allows the government acquisition team to manage and respond knowledgeably and effectively to systems development, operations, and execution, thereby avoiding technical and other programmatic barriers to mission success. Additionally, owning the technical baseline ensures that government personnel understand the user requirements, why a particular design and its various features have been selected over competing designs, and what the options are to pursue alternative paths to the final product given unanticipated cost, schedule, and performance challenges. Owning the Technical Baseline for Acquisition Programs in the U.S. Air Force discusses the strategic value to the Air Force of owning the technical baseline and the risk of not owning it and highlights key aspects of how agencies other than the Air Force own the technical baseline for their acquisition programs. This report identifies specific barriers to owning the technical baseline for the Air Force and makes recommendations to help guide the Air Force in overcoming those barriers.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309449030

ISBN 13

9780309449038

Examination of the U.S. Air Force's Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce Needs in the Future and Its Strategy to Meet Those Needs

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Examination of the U.S. Air Force's Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce Needs in the Future and Its Strategy to Meet Those Needs

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Examination of the U.S. Air Force's Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce Needs in the Future and Its Strategy to Meet Those Needs

The Air Force requires technical skills and expertise across the entire range of activities and processes associated with the development, fielding, and employment of air, space, and cyber operational capabilities. The growing complexity of both traditional and emerging missions is placing new demands on education, training, career development, system acquisition, platform sustainment, and development of operational systems. While in the past the Air Force's technologically intensive mission has been highly attractive to individuals educated in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, force reductions, ongoing military operations, and budget pressures are creating new challenges for attracting and managing personnel with the needed technical skills. Assessments of recent development and acquisition process failures have identified a loss of technical competence within the Air Force (that is, in house or organic competence, as opposed to contractor support) as an underlying problem. These challenges come at a time of increased competition for technical graduates who are U.S. citizens, an aging industry and government workforce, and consolidations of the industrial base that supports military systems. In response to a request from the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Science, Technology, and Engineering, the National Research Council conducted five fact-finding meetings at which senior Air Force commanders in the science and engineering, acquisition, test, operations, and logistics domains provided assessments of the adequacy of the current workforce in terms of quality and quantity.

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177

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309177014

ISBN 13

9780309177016

Assessment to Enhance Air Force and Department of Defense Prototyping for the New Defense Strategy

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Planning Committee for a Workshop on Assessment to Enhance Air Force and Department of Defense Prototyping for the New Defense Strategy

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Assessment to Enhance Air Force and Department of Defense Prototyping for the New Defense Strategy

A Workshop Summary

Assessment to Enhance Air Force and Department of Defense Prototyping for the New Defense Strategy is the summary of a workshop convened by the Air Force Studies Board of the National Academies' National Research Council in September 2013 to enhance Air Force and Department of Defense (DoD) prototyping for the new defense strategy. This workshop examined of a wide range of prototyping issues, including individual recommendations for a renewed prototype program, application of prototyping as a tool for technology/system development and sustainment (including annual funding), and positive and negative effects of a renewed program. Prototyping has historically been of great benefit to the Air Force and DoD in terms of risk reduction and concept demonstration prior to system development, advancing new technologies, workforce enhancement and skills continuity between major acquisitions, dissuasion of adversaries by demonstrating capabilities, maintaining technological surprise through classified technologies, and an overarching strategy of overall risk reduction during austere budget environments. Over the last two decades, however, many issues with prototyping have arisen. For example, the definitions and terminology associated with prototyping have been convoluted and budgets for prototyping have been used as offsets to remedy budget shortfalls. Additionally, prototyping has been done with no strategic intent or context, and both government and industry have misused prototyping as a key tool in the DoD and defense industrial base. Assessment to Enhance Air Force and Department of Defense Prototyping for the New Defense Strategy envisions a prototyping program that encourages innovation in new concepts and approaches and provides a means to assess and reduce risk before commitment to major new programs.

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ISBN 10

0309296803

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9780309296809

Improving the Air Force Scientific Discovery Mission

Leveraging Best Practices in Basic Research Management: A Workshop Report

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Improving the Air Force Scientific Discovery Mission

Leveraging Best Practices in Basic Research Management: A Workshop Report

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309378338

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9780309378338

Future Air Force Needs for Survivability

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Future Air Force Needs for Survivability

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Future Air Force Needs for Survivability

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Future Air Force Needs for Survivability

A key technical issue for future Air Force systems is to improve their ability to survive. Increased use of stealth technology is proposed by many to be the major element in efforts to enhance survivability for future systems. Others, however, suggest that the high cost and maintenance required of stealth technology make increased speed potentially more productive. To help address this issue, the Air Force asked the NRC to investigate combinations of speed and stealth that would provide U.S. aircraft with a high survival capability in the 2018 period, and to identify changes in R&D plans to enable such aircraft. This report presents a review of stealth technology development; a discussion of possible future missions and threats; an analysis of the technical feasibility for achieving various levels of stealth and different speeds by 2018 and of relevant near-term R&D needs and priorities; and observations about the utility of speed and stealth trade-offs against evolving threats.

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116

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309102197

ISBN 13

9780309102193

Energy Reduction at U.S. Air Force Facilities Using Industrial Processes

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Energy Reduction at U.S. Air Force Facilities Using Industrial Processes: A Workshop

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Energy Reduction at U.S. Air Force Facilities Using Industrial Processes

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Energy Reduction at U.S. Air Force Facilities Using Industrial Processes: A Workshop

The Department of Defense (DoD) is the largest consumer of energy in the federal government. In turn, the U.S. Air Force is the largest consumer of energy in the DoD, with a total annual energy expenditure of around $10 billion. Approximately 84 percent of Air Force energy use involves liquid fuel consumed in aviation whereas approximately 12 percent is energy (primarily electricity) used in facilities on the ground. This workshop was concerned primarily with opportunities to reduce energy consumption within Air Force facilities that employ energy intensive industrial processes-for example, assembly/disassembly, painting, metal working, and operation of radar facilities-such as those that occur in the maintenance depots and testing facilities. Air Force efforts to reduce energy consumption are driven largely by external goals and mandates derived from Congressional legislation and executive orders. To date, these goals and mandates have targeted the energy used at the building or facility level rather than in specific industrial processes. In response to a request from the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Energy and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Science, Technology, and Engineering, the National Research Council, under the auspices of the Air Force Studies Board, formed the Committee on Energy Reduction at U.S. Air Force Facilities Using Industrial Processes: A Workshop. The terms of reference called for a committee to plan and convene one 3 day public workshop to discuss: (1) what are the current industrial processes that are least efficient and most cost ineffective? (2) what are best practices in comparable facilities for comparable processes to achieve energy efficiency? (3) what are the potential applications for the best practices to be found in comparable facilities for comparable processes to achieve energy efficiency? (4) what are constraints and considerations that might limit applicability to Air Force facilities and processes over the next ten year implementation time frame? (5) what are the costs and paybacks from implementation of the best practices? (6) what will be a proposed resulting scheme of priorities for study and implementation of the identified best practices? (7) what does a holistic representation of energy and water consumption look like within operations and maintenance?

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309270235

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9780309270236

Optimizing the Air Force Acquisition Strategy of Secure and Reliable Electronic Components

Proceedings of a Workshop

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Optimizing the Air Force Acquisition Strategy of Secure and Reliable Electronic Components: A Workshop

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Optimizing the Air Force Acquisition Strategy of Secure and Reliable Electronic Components

Proceedings of a Workshop

In 2012, the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), section 818, outlined new requirements for industry to serve as the lead in averting counterfeits in the defense supply chain. Subsequently, the House Armed Services Committee, in its report on the Fiscal Year 2016 NDAA, noted that the pending sale of IBM's microprocessor fabrication facilities to Global Foundries created uncertainty about future access of the United States to trusted state-of-the-art microelectronic components and directed the Comptroller General to assess the Department of Defense's (DoD's) actions and measures to address this threat. In this context, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to facilitate an open dialogue with leading industry, academic, and government experts to (1) define the current technological and policy challenges with maintaining a reliable and secure source of microelectronic components; (2) review the current state of acquisition processes within the Air Force for acquiring reliable and secure microelectronic components; and (3) explore options for possible business models within the national security complex that would be relevant for the Air Force acquisition community. This publication summarizes the results of the workshop.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309445213

ISBN 13

9780309445214

Selected Directed Energy Research and Development for U.S. Air Force Aircraft Applications

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board

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Selected Directed Energy Research and Development for U.S. Air Force Aircraft Applications

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board

The U. S. Air force currently invests significantly in science and technology for directed-energy weapon (DEW) systems. Key elements of this investment include high-energy lasers and high-power microwaves. Other DEW research and development efforts include: optical beam control for high-energy lasers; vulnerability and lethality assessments; and advanced non-conventional and innovative weapons. Selected Directed Energy Research and Development for U.S. Air Force Aircraft Applications is the summary of three workshop sessions convened between February and April, 2013 by the Air Force Studies Board of the National Academies' National Research Council. Representatives from the Air Force science and technology community and DEW experts from the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, Office of the Secretary of Defense, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency presented and discussed threats that DEW capabilities might defend against and assessments of foreign progress in DEW. This report examines the current status of DEW capabilities both in the U.S. and abroad, and considers future applications of DEW systems.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309292646

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9780309292641

U.S. Air Force Strategic Deterrence Analytic Capabilities

An Assessment of Tools, Methods, and Approaches for the 21st Century Security Environment

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on U.S. Air Force Strategic Deterrence Military Capabilities in the 21st Century Security Environment

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U.S. Air Force Strategic Deterrence Analytic Capabilities

An Assessment of Tools, Methods, and Approaches for the 21st Century Security Environment

Since the early 1960s, the U.S. strategic nuclear posture has been composed of a triad of nuclear-certified long-range bombers, intercontinental ballistic missiles, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Since the early 1970s, U.S. nuclear forces have been subject to strategic arms control agreements. The large numbers and diversified nature of the U.S. nonstrategic (tactical) nuclear forces, which cannot be ignored as part of the overall nuclear deterrent, have decreased substantially since the Cold War. While there is domestic consensus today on the need to maintain an effective deterrent, there is no consensus on precisely what that requires, especially in a changing geopolitical environment and with continued reductions in nuclear arms. This places a premium on having the best possible analytic tools, methods, and approaches for understanding how nuclear deterrence and assurance work, how they might fail, and how failure can be averted by U.S. nuclear forces. U.S. Air Force Strategic Deterrence Analytic Capabilities identifies the broad analytic issues and factors that must be considered in seeking nuclear deterrence of adversaries and assurance of allies in the 21st century. This report describes and assesses tools, methods - including behavioral science-based methods - and approaches for improving the understanding of how nuclear deterrence and assurance work or may fail in the 21st century and the extent to which such failures might be averted or mitigated by the proper choice of nuclear systems, technological capabilities, postures, and concepts of operation of American nuclear forces. The report recommends criteria and a framework for validating the tools, methods, and approaches and for identifying those most promising for Air Force usage.

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286

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309298741

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9780309298742

U.S. Air Force Strategic Deterrence Capabilities in the 21st Century Security Environment

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on U.S. Air Force Strategic Deterrence Capabilities in the 21st Century Security Environment: A Workshop

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U.S. Air Force Strategic Deterrence Capabilities in the 21st Century Security Environment

A Workshop Summary

Changes in the 21st century security environment require new analytic approaches to support strategic deterrence. Because current adversaries may be deterred from the use of nuclear weapons differently than were Cold War adversaries, the Air Force needs an analytic process and tools that can help determine those Air Force capabilities that will successfully deter or defeat these new nuclear-armed adversaries and assure U.S. allies. While some analytic tools are available, a coherent approach for their use in developing strategy and policy appears to be lacking. Without a coherent analytic approach that addresses the nuances of today's security environment, Air Force views of its strategic deterrence needs may not be understood or accepted by the appropriate decision makers. A coherent approach will support Air Force decisions about its strategic force priorities and needs, deter actual or potential adversaries, and assure U.S. allies. In this context, the Air Force in 2012 requested that the Air Force Studies Board of the National Research Council undertake a workshop to bring together national experts to discuss current challenges relating strategic deterrence and potential new tools and methods that the Air Force might leverage in its strategic deterrence mission. The workshop consisted of two 3-day sessions held in Washington, DC on September 26-28, 2012 and January 29-31, 2013 and was attended by a very diverse set of participants with expertise in strategic deterrence and a range of analytic tools of potential interest to the Air Force. U.S. Air Force Strategic Deterrence Capabilities in the 21st Century Security Environment summarizes this workshop.

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ISBN 10

030928550X

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9780309285506

Pre-Milestone A and Early-Phase Systems Engineering

A Retrospective Review and Benefits for Future Air Force Systems Acquisition

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Pre-Milestone A Systems Engineering: A Retrospective Review and Benefits for Future Air Force Systems Acquisition

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Pre-Milestone A and Early-Phase Systems Engineering

A Retrospective Review and Benefits for Future Air Force Systems Acquisition

The ability of U.S. military forces to field new weapons systems quickly and to contain their cost growth has declined significantly over the past few decades. There are many causes including increased complexity, funding instability, bureaucracy, and more diverse user demands, but a view that is gaining more acceptance is that better systems engineering (SE) could help shorten development time. To investigate this assertion in more detail, the US Air Force asked the NRC to examine the role that SE can play during the acquisition life cycle to address root causes of program failure especially during pre-milestone A and early program phases. This book presents an assessment of the relationship between SE and program outcome; an examination of the SE workforce; and an analysis of SE functions and guidelines. The latter includes a definition of the minimum set of SE processes that need to be accounted for during project development.

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150

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309114756

ISBN 13

9780309114752

Optimizing U.S. Air Force and Department of Defense Review of Air Force Acquisition Programs

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Optimizing U.S. Air Force and Department of Defense Review of Air Force Acquisition Programs

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Optimizing U.S. Air Force and Department of Defense Review of Air Force Acquisition Programs

The Department of Defense (DOD) spends over $300 billion each year to develop, produce, field and sustain weapons systems (the U.S. Air Force over $100 billion per year). DOD and Air Force acquisitions programs often experience large cost overruns and schedule delays leading to a loss in confidence in the defense acquisition system and the people who work in it. Part of the DOD and Air Force response to these problems has been to increase the number of program and technical reviews that acquisition programs must undergo. This book looks specifically at the reviews that U.S. Air Force acquisition programs are required to undergo and poses a key question: Can changes in the number, content, or sequence of reviews help Air Force program managers more successfully execute their programs? This book concludes that, unless they do it better than they are now, Air Force and DOD attempts to address poor acquisition program performance with additional reviews will fail. This book makes five recommendations that together form a gold standard for conduct of reviews and if implemented and rigorously managed by Air Force and DOD acquisition executives can increase review effectiveness and efficiency. The bottom line is to help program managers successfully execute their programs.

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122

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030913918X

ISBN 13

9780309139182

A Review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs

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A Review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs

Rocket and air-breathing propulsion systems are the foundation on which planning for future aerospace systems rests. A Review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs assesses the existing technical base in these areas and examines the future Air Force capabilities the base will be expected to support. This report also defines gaps and recommends where future warfighter capabilities not yet fully defined could be met by current science and technology development plans.

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288

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309102472

ISBN 13

9780309102476

Strategies to Enhance Air Force Communication with Internal and External Audiences

A Workshop Report

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Strategies to Enhance Air Force Communication with Internal and External Audiences: A Workshop

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Strategies to Enhance Air Force Communication with Internal and External Audiences

A Workshop Report

The U.S. Air Force (USAF) helps defend the United States and its interests by organizing, training, and equipping forces for operations in and through three distinct domains-air, space, and cyberspace. The Air Force concisely expresses its vision as "Global Vigilance, Global Reach, and Global Power for America." Operations within each of these domains are dynamic, take place over large distances, occur over different operational timelines, and cannot be routinely seen or recorded, making it difficult for Airmen, national decision makers, and the American People to visualize and comprehend the full scope of Air Force operations. As a result, the Air Force faces increasing difficulty in succinctly and effectively communicating the complexity, dynamic range, and strategic importance of its mission to Airmen and to the American people. To address this concern, the Chief of Staff of the USAF requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convene a workshop to explore options on how the Air Force can effectively communicate the strategic importance of the Service, its mission, and the role it plays in the defense of the United States. Participants worked to address the issues that a diverse workforce encompassing a myriad of backgrounds, education, and increasingly diverse current mission sets drives the requirement for a new communication strategy. The demographics of today's Air Force creates both a unique opportunity and a distinct challenge to Air Force leadership as it struggles to communicate its vision and strategy effectively across several micro-cultures within the organization and to the general public. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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ISBN 10

0309389046

ISBN 13

9780309389044

Examination of the U.S. Air Force's Aircraft Sustainment Needs in the Future and Its Strategy to Meet Those Needs

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Examination of the U.S. Air Force's Aircraft Sustainment Needs in the Future and Its Strategy to Meet Those Needs

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Examination of the U.S. Air Force's Aircraft Sustainment Needs in the Future and Its Strategy to Meet Those Needs

The ability of the United States Air Force (USAF) to keep its aircraft operating at an acceptable operational tempo, in wartime and in peacetime, has been important to the Air Force since its inception. This is a much larger issue for the Air Force today, having effectively been at war for 20 years, with its aircraft becoming increasingly more expensive to operate and maintain and with military budgets certain to further decrease. The enormously complex Air Force weapon system sustainment enterprise is currently constrained on many sides by laws, policies, regulations and procedures, relationships, and organizational issues emanating from Congress, the Department of Defense (DoD), and the Air Force itself. Against the back-drop of these stark realities, the Air Force requested the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies, under the auspices of the Air Force Studies Board to conduct and in-depth assessment of current and future Air Force weapon system sustainment initiatives and recommended future courses of action for consideration by the Air Force. Examination of the U.S. Air Force's Aircraft Sustainment Needs in the Future and Its Strategy to Meet Those Needs addresses the following topics: Assess current sustainment investments, infrastructure, and processes for adequacy in sustaining aging legacy systems and their support equipment. Determine if any modifications in policy are required and, if so, identify them and make recommendations for changes in Air Force regulations, policies, and strategies to accomplish the sustainment goals of the Air Force. Determine if any modifications in technology efforts are required and, if so, identify them and make recommendations regarding the technology efforts that should be pursued because they could make positive impacts on the sustainment of the current and future systems and equipment of the Air Force. Determine if the Air Logistics Centers have the necessary resources (funding, manpower, skill sets, and technologies) and are equipped and organized to sustain legacy systems and equipment and the Air Force of tomorrow. Identify and make recommendations regarding incorporating sustainability into future aircraft designs.

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254

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309215234

ISBN 13

9780309215237

The Role of Experimentation Campaigns in the Air Force Innovation Life Cycle

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on the Role of Experimentation Campaigns in the Air Force Innovation Life Cycle: A Study

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The Role of Experimentation Campaigns in the Air Force Innovation Life Cycle

The Air Force (USAF) has continuously sought to improve the speed with which it develops new capabilities to accomplish its various missions in air, space, and cyberspace. Historically, innovation has been a key part of USAF strategy, and operating within an adversary's OODA loop (observe, orient, decide, act) is part of Air Force DNA. This includes the ability to deploy technological innovations faster than do our adversaries. The Air Force faces adversaries with the potential to operate within the USAF's OODA loop, and some of these adversaries are already deploying innovations faster than the USAF. The Role of Experimentation Campaigns in the Air Force Innovation Life Cycle examines the current state of innovation and experimentation in the Air Force and best practices in innovation and experimentation in industry and other government agencies. This report also explores organizational changes needed to eliminate the barriers that deter innovation and experimentation and makes recommendations for the successful implementation of robust innovation and experimentation by the Air Force.

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117

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309451124

ISBN 13

9780309451123

Zero-Sustainment Aircraft for the U.S. Air Force

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Zero-Sustainment Aircraft for the U.S. Air Force: A Workshop

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Zero-Sustainment Aircraft for the U.S. Air Force

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Zero-Sustainment Aircraft for the U.S. Air Force: A Workshop

Overall Air Force weapon system sustainment (WSS) costs are growing at more than 4 percent per year, while budgets have remained essentially flat. The cost growth is due partly to aging of the aircraft fleet, and partly to the cost of supporting higher-performance aircraft and new capabilities provided by more complex and sophisticated systems, such as the latest intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) platforms. Furthermore, the expectation for the foreseeable future is that sustainment budgets are likely to decrease, so that the gap between budgets and sustainment needs will likely continue to grow wider. Most observers accept that the Air Force will have to adopt new approaches to WSS if it is going to address this problem and remain capable of carrying out its missions. In this context, the original intent of this 3-day workshop was to focus on ways that science and technology (S&T) could help the Air Force reduce sustainment costs. However, as the workshop evolved, the discussions focused more and more on Air Force leadership, management authority, and culture as the more critical factors that need to change in order to solve sustainment problems. Many participants felt that while S&T investments could certainly help-particularly if applied in the early stages ("to the left") of the product life cycle-adopting a transformational management approach that defines the user-driven goals of the enterprise, empowers people to achieve them, and holds them accountable, down to the shop level. Several workshop participants urged Air Force leaders to start the process now, even though it will take years to percolate down through the entire organization. These sustainment concerns are not new and have been studied extensively, including recent reports from the National Research Council's Air Force Studies Board and the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309272610

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9780309272612

Assessment of Wingtip Modifications to Increase the Fuel Efficiency of Air Force Aircraft

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Assessment of Aircraft Winglets for Large Aircraft Fuel Efficiency

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Assessment of Wingtip Modifications to Increase the Fuel Efficiency of Air Force Aircraft

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Assessment of Aircraft Winglets for Large Aircraft Fuel Efficiency

The high cost of aviation fuel has resulted in increased attention by Congress and the Air Force on improving military aircraft fuel efficiency. One action considered is modification of the aircraft's wingtip by installing, for example, winglets to reduce drag. While common on commercial aircraft, such modifications have been less so on military aircraft. In an attempt to encourage greater Air Force use in this area, Congress, in H. Rept. 109-452, directed the Air Force to provide a report examining the feasibility of modifying its aircraft with winglets. To assist in this effort, the Air Force asked the NRC to evaluate its aircraft inventory and identify those aircraft that may be good candidates for winglet modifications. This reportâ€"which considers other wingtip modifications in addition to wingletsâ€"presents a review of wingtip modifications; an examination of previous analyses and experience with such modifications; and an assessment of wingtip modifications for various Air Force aircraft and potential investment strategies.

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ISBN 10

0309104971

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9780309104975

Development Planning

A Strategic Approach to Future Air Force Capabilities

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Improving the Effectiveness and Efficiency of U.S. Air Force Pre-Acquisition Development Planning

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Development Planning

A Strategic Approach to Future Air Force Capabilities

The development and application of technology has been an essential part of U.S. airpower, leading to a century of air supremacy. But that developmental path has rarely been straight, and it has never been smooth. Only the extraordinary efforts of exceptional leadership - in the Air Forces and the wider Department of Defense, in science and in industry - have made the triumphs of military airpower possible. Development Planning provides recommendations to improve development planning for near-term acquisition projects, concepts not quite ready for acquisition, corporate strategic plans, and training of acquisition personnel. This report reviews past uses of development planning by the Air Force, and offers an organizational construct that will help the Air Force across its core functions. Developmental planning, used properly by experienced practitioners, can provide the Air Force leadership with a tool to answer the critical question, Over the next 20 years in 5-year increments, what capability gaps will the Air Force have that must be filled? Development planning will also provide for development of the workforce skills needed to think strategically and to defectively define and close the capability gap. This report describes what development planning could be and should be for the Air Force.

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133

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309313686

ISBN 13

9780309313681

Improving the Efficiency of Engines for Large Nonfighter Aircraft

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Analysis of Air Force Engine Efficiency Improvement Options for Large Non-fighter Aircraft

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Improving the Efficiency of Engines for Large Nonfighter Aircraft

Because of the important national defense contribution of large, non-fighter aircraft, rapidly increasing fuel costs and increasing dependence on imported oil have triggered significant interest in increased aircraft engine efficiency by the U.S. Air Force. To help address this need, the Air Force asked the National Research Council (NRC) to examine and assess technical options for improving engine efficiency of all large non-fighter aircraft under Air Force command. This report presents a review of current Air Force fuel consumption patterns; an analysis of previous programs designed to replace aircraft engines; an examination of proposed engine modifications; an assessment of the potential impact of alternative fuels and engine science and technology programs, and an analysis of costs and funding requirements.

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193

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309103991

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9780309103992

Capability Planning and Analysis to Optimize Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Investments

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Examination of the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Capability Planning and Analysis (CP&A) Process

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Capability Planning and Analysis to Optimize Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Investments

Intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities have expanded situation awareness for U.S. forces, provided for more precise combat effects, and enabled better decision making both during conflicts and in peacetime, and reliance on ISR capabilities is expected to increase in the future. ISR capabilities are critical to 3 of the 12 Service Core Functions of the U.S. Air Force: namely, Global Integrated ISR (GIISR) and the ISR components of Cyberspace Superiority and Space Superiority, and contribute to all others. In response to a request from the Air Force for ISR and the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Science, Technology, and Engineering, the National Research Council formed the Committee on Examination of the Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) Capability Planning and Analysis (CP&A) Process. In this report, the committee reviews the current approach to the Air Force corporate planning and programming process for ISR capability generation; examines carious analytical methods, processes, and models for large-scale, complex domains like ISR; and identifies the best practices for the Air Force. In Capability Planning and Analysis to Optimize Air Force Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Investments, the current approach is analyzed and the best practices for the Air Force corporate planning and programming processed for ISR are recommended. This report also recommends improvements and changes to existing analytical tools, methods, roles and responsibilities, and organization and management that would be required to ensure the Air Force corporate planning and programming process for ISR is successful in addressing all Joint, National, and Coalition partner's needs.

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117

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309258146

ISBN 13

9780309258142

Acquisition Strategies for Future Space-Based Optics

Unclassified Summary

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Intelligence Community Studies Board,Committee on Acquisition Strategies for Future Space-Based Optics

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Acquisition Strategies for Future Space-Based Optics

Unclassified Summary

This study originated with congressionally directed language from the House Permanent Select Committee for Intelligence (HPSCI) in 2016 and titled "Acquisition Strategies for Future Space Based Optics". This publication is an unclassified summary of the classified report.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309487730

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9780309487733

Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development

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Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development

From the days of biplanes and open cockpits, the air forces of the United States have relied on the mastery of technology. From design to operation, a project can stretch to 20 years and more, with continuous increases in cost. Much of the delay and cost growth afflicting modern United States Air Force (USAF) programs is rooted in the incorporation of advanced technology into major systems acquisition. Leaders in the Air Force responsible for science and technology and acquisition are trying to determine the optimal way to utilize existing policies, processes, and resources to properly document and execute pre-program of record technology development efforts, including opportunities to facilitate the rapid acquisition of revolutionary capabilities and the more deliberate acquisition of evolutionary capabilities. Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development responds to this need with an examination of the current state of Air Force technology development and the environment in which technology is acquired. The book considers best practices from both government and industry to distill appropriate recommendations that can be implemented within the USAF.

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154

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309162750

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9780309162753

A Threat to America's Global Vigilance, Reach, and Powerâ¬"High-Speed, Maneuvering Weapons

Unclassified Summary

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Future Air Force Needs for Defense Against High-Speed Weapon Systems

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A Threat to America's Global Vigilance, Reach, and Powerâ¬"High-Speed, Maneuvering Weapons

Unclassified Summary

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was asked by the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Science, Technology and Engineering to assess the threat of high-speed weapons and recommendations to counter the threat. This report reviews the current and evolving threats, and the current and planned U.S. efforts and capabilities to counter these threats, identifies current gaps and future opportunities where the United States Air Force (USAF) could provide significant contribution to the U.S. effort to counter high-speed threats, and recommends actions the USAF could take in terms of materiel, non-materiel, and technology development to address the identified opportunities and gaps in U.S. efforts to address these threats.

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National Academies Press

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0309450713

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9780309450713

Review of the U.S. Department of Defense Air, Space, and Supporting Information Systems Science and Technology Program

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Department of Military Science and Technology,Committee on Review of the U.S. Department of Defense, Air and Space Systems Science and Technology Program

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Review of the U.S. Department of Defense Air, Space, and Supporting Information Systems Science and Technology Program

Since the mid-1940s, when Vannevar Bush and Theodore von Karman wrote Science, the Endless Frontier and Toward New Horizons, respectively, there has been a consensus that strong Department of Defense support of science and technology (S&T) is important to the security of the United States. During the Cold War, as it faced technologically capable adversaries whose forces potentially outnumbered U.S. forces, the United States relied on a strong defense S&T program to support the development of technologically superior weapons and systems that would enable it to prevail in the event of conflict. Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has relied on its technological superiority to maintain a military advantage while at the same time reducing the size of its forces. Over the past half-century, creating and maintaining a technologically superior military capability have become fundamental to U.S. national security strategy, and investment in S&T has become a basic component of the defense budget. In late 1998, Congress asked the Secretary of Defense to conduct a study, in cooperation with the National Research Council (NRC), on the S&T base of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). Congress was particularly concerned about areas of the S&T program related to air systems, space systems, and supporting information systems. Its concern was based on the Air Force's reduction of its S&T program from the largest of the three military service programs to the smallest. Congress also wanted to ensure that the Air Force maintained an appropriately sized S&T workforce. In late 1999, the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Science and Technology asked the NRC to conduct a study to explore these issues.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309170532

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9780309170536

Owning the Technical Baseline for Acquisition Programs in the U.S. Air Force

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Owning the Technical Baseline for Acquisition Programs in the U.S. Air Force

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0309449030

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9780309449038

Examination of the U.S. Air Force's Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce Needs in the Future and Its Strategy to Meet Those Needs

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Examination of the U.S. Air Force's Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce Needs in the Future and Its Strategy to Meet Those Needs

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177

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309177014

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9780309177016

Advancing Aerial Mobility

A National Blueprint

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board,Committee on Enhancing Air Mobilityâ¬"A National Blueprint

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Advancing Aerial Mobility

A National Blueprint

Advanced aerial mobility is a newly emerging industry that aims to develop and operate new air vehicles potentially capable of safe, reliable, and low-noise vertical flight. The world has seen a recent increase in the adoption of electric vertical lift aircraft for urban, suburban and rural operations. These new innovations and technologies change the way that we move cargo and people, affecting industries across the economy. These changes will challenge today's airspace monitoring systems and regulatory environment. The U.S. government and its regulatory agencies need technical guidance to facilitate the development of these technologies, and to create the regulatory framework to foster the growth of this vertical flight industry to the benefit of the aviation industry. Advancing Aerial Mobility evaluates the potential benefits and challenges associated with this emerging industry. This report provides recommendations that seek to foster an environment in which the nation can maintain its leading position in developing, deploying, and embracing these new technologies. This publication presents a national vision for advanced aerial mobility, market evolution, and safety and security management.

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ISBN 10

0309670268

ISBN 13

9780309670265

The Role of Experimentation Campaigns in the Air Force Innovation Life Cycle

Proceedings of a Workshop

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The Role of Experimentation Campaigns in the Air Force Innovation Life Cycle

Proceedings of a Workshop

The Workshop on the Role of Experimentation Campaigns in the Innovation Cycle was held in January 2016 to define and assess the current use of experimentation campaigns within the Air Force, evaluate barriers to their use, and make recommendations to increase their use. Participants at the workshop presented a broad range of issues, experiences, and insights related to experimentation, experimentation campaigns, and innovation. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

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ISBN 10

0309447895

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9780309447898

Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development

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Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on Evaluation of U.S. Air Force Preacquisition Technology Development

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154

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ISBN 10

0309162750

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9780309162753

The Growing Threat to Air Force Mission-Critical Electronics

Lethality at Risk: Unclassified Summary

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Intelligence Community Studies Board,Air Force Studies Board,Committee on a Strategy for Acquiring Secure and Reliable Electronic Components for Air Force Weapon Systems

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The Growing Threat to Air Force Mission-Critical Electronics

Lethality at Risk: Unclassified Summary

High-performance electronics are key to the U.S. Air Force's (USAF's) ability to deliver lethal effects at the time and location of their choosing. Additionally, these electronic systems must be able to withstand not only the rigors of the battlefield but be able to perform the needed mission while under cyber and electronic warfare (EW) attack. This requires a high degree of assurance that they are both physically reliable and resistant to adversary actions throughout their life cycle from design to sustainment. In 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop titled Optimizing the AirÂ ForceÂ Acquisition Strategy of Secure and Reliable Electronic Components, and released a summary of the workshop. This publication serves as a follow-on to provide recommendations to the USAF acquisition community.

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111

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309493935

ISBN 13

9780309493932

Selected Directed Energy Research and Development for U.S. Air Force Aircraft Applications

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board

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Selected Directed Energy Research and Development for U.S. Air Force Aircraft Applications

A Workshop Summary

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Studies Board

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0309292646

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9780309292641

Effectiveness of Air Force Science and Technology Program Changes

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Air Force Science and Technology Board,Committee on Review of the Effectiveness of Air Force Science and Technology Program Changes

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Effectiveness of Air Force Science and Technology Program Changes

Under mandate of Section 253, Study and Report on Effectiveness of Air Force Science and Technology Program Changes, of the Fiscal Year 2002 National Defense Authorization Act, the U.S. Air Force contracted with the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct the present study. In response, the NRC established the Committee on Review of the Effectiveness of Air Force Science and Technology Program Changes-composed of academics, active and retired industry executives, former Air Force and Department of Defense (DoD) civilian executives, and retired general officers with acquisition and science and technology (S&T) backgrounds. The committee was to review the effectiveness of the Air Force S&T program and, in particular, the actions that the Air Force has taken to improve the management of the program in recent years in response to concerns voiced in numerous study reports and by Congress. The committee's principal charter was to assess whether, as a whole, the changes put in place by the Air Force since 1999 are sufficient to assure that adequate technology will be available to ensure U.S. military superiority. The committee conducted four open meetings to collect information from the Air Force and its Scientific Advisory Board (SAB), the U.S Navy, the U.S. Army, and DoD. A great many factors influence any judgment of the S&T program's sufficiency in supporting future warfighter needs; these factors include threat assessment, budget constraints, technology opportunities, workforce, and program content. Given the relatively short time available for this study and considering the detailed reviews conducted annually by the SAB, the technical content of the S&T program was necessarily beyond the committee's purview. Rather, the committee focused on S&T management, including areas that have been studied many times, in depth, by previous advisory groups. Besides addressing technical content, those prior studies and congressional concerns highlighted four overarching S&T issues: advocacy and visibility, planning, workforce, and investment levels. In response, the Air Force instituted changes in S&T management. The NRC is requested to conduct a study to determine how changes to the Air Force science and technology program implemented during the past two years affect the future capabilities of the Air Force. Effectiveness of Air Force Science and Technology Program Changes reviews and assess whether such changes as a whole are sufficient to ensure the following: A. That concerns about the management of the science and technology program that have been raised by the Congress, the Defense Science Board, the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, and the Air Force Association have been adequately addressed. B. That appropriate and sufficient technology is available to ensure the military superiority of the United States and counter future high-risk threats. C. That the science and technology investments are balanced to meet near-, mid-, and long-term needs of the Air Force. D. That the Air Force organizational structure provides for a sufficiently senior level advocate of science and technology to ensure an ongoing, effective presence of the science and technology community during the budget and planning process. This report also assess the specific changes to the Air Force science and technology program as whether the biannual science and technology summits provide sufficient visibility into, and understanding and appreciation of, the value of the science and technology program to the senior level of Air Force budget and policy decision makers.

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