This book gives a step-by-step presentation of a generalized transmission line method to study the far-zone radiation of antennas under a multilayer structure. Normally, a radiation problem requires a full wave analysis which may be time consuming. The beauty of the generalized transmission line method is that it transforms the radiation problem for a specific type of structure, say the multilayer structure excited by an antenna, into a circuit problem that can be efficiently analyzed. Using the Reciprocity Theorem and far-field approximation, the method computes the far-zone radiation due to a Hertzian dipole within a multilayer structure by solving an equivalent transmission line circuit. Since an antenna can be modeled as a set of Hertzian dipoles, the method could be used to predict the far-zone radiation of an antenna under a multilayer structure. The analytical expression for the far-zone field is derived for a structure with or without a polarizer. The procedure of obtaining the Hertzian dipole model that is required by the generalized transmission line method is also described. Several examples are given to demonstrate the capabilities, accuracy, and efficiency of this method. Table of Contents: Antennas Under a Multilayer Dielectric Slab / Antennas Under a Polarized Multilayer Structure / Hertzian Dipole Model for an Antenna / Bibliography / Biography
Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is a new type of transmission line. It implements a waveguide on a piece of printed circuit board by emulating the side walls of the waveguide using two rows of metal posts. It inherits the merits both from the microstrip for compact size and easy integration, and from the waveguide for low radiation loss, and thus opens another door to design efficient microwave circuits and antennas at a low cost. This book presents a two-dimensional fullwave analysis method to investigate an SIW circuit composed of metal and dielectric posts. It combines the cylindrical eigenfunction expansion and the method of moments to avoid geometrical descritization of the posts. The method is presented step-by-step, with all the necessary formulations provided for a practitioner who wants to implement this method by himself. This book covers the SIW circuit printed on either homogeneous or inhomogeneous substrate, the microstrip-to-SIW transition and the speed-up technique for the simulation of symmetrical SIW circuits. Different types of SIW circuits are shown and simulated using the proposed method. In addition, several slot antennas and horn antennas fabricated using the SIW technology are also given. Table of Contents: Introduction / SIW Circuits Composed of Metallic Posts / SIW Circuits with Dielectric Posts / Even-Odd Mode Analysis of a Symmetrical Circuit / Microstrip to SIW Transition and Half Mode SIW / SIW Antennas
This work aims to provide new introduction to the particle swarm optimization methods using a formal analogy with physical systems. By postulating that the swarm motion behaves similar to both classical and quantum particles, we establish a direct connection between what are usually assumed to be separate fields of study, optimization and physics. Within this framework, it becomes quite natural to derive the recently introduced quantum PSO algorithm from the Hamiltonian or the Lagrangian of the dynamical system. The physical theory of the PSO is used to suggest some improvements in the algorithm itself, like temperature acceleration techniques and the periodic boundary condition. At the end, we provide a panorama of applications demonstrating the power of the PSO, classical and quantum, in handling difficult engineering problems. The goal of this work is to provide a general multi-disciplinary view on various topics in physics, mathematics, and engineering by illustrating their interdependence within the unified framework of the swarm dynamics. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Classical Particle Swarm Optimization Method / Boundary Conditions for the PSO Method / The Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization / Bibliography /Index
This work aims to provide new introduction to the particle swarm optimization methods using a formal analogy with physical systems. By postulating that the swarm motion behaves similar to both classical and quantum particles, we establish a direct connection between what are usually assumed to be separate fields of study, optimization and physics. Within this framework, it becomes quite natural to derive the recently introduced quantum PSO algorithm from the Hamiltonian or the Lagrangian of the dynamical system. The physical theory of the PSO is used to suggest some improvements in the algorithm itself, like temperature acceleration techniques and the periodic boundary condition. At the end, we provide a panorama of applications demonstrating the power of the PSO, classical and quantum, in handling difficult engineering problems. The goal of this work is to provide a general multi-disciplinary view on various topics in physics, mathematics, and engineering by illustrating their interdependence within the unified framework of the swarm dynamics. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Classical Particle Swarm Optimization Method / Boundary Conditions for the PSO Method / The Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization / Bibliography /Index
Dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) are attractive as an alternative to microstrip antennas because of their small size and large bandwidth. Written by a recognized leader in the field, Dielectric Resonator Antennas describes recent dielectric resonator antennas which have the potential to provide significant advantages in terms of size reduction, improved bandwidth, higher power handling capacity, and increased efficiency compared with microstrip antennas. Featuring design methods, practical applications, and design curves for the circular disc dielectric resonator, the book is a valuable resource for practitioners, graduate students, and antenna designers.
The book discusses basic and advanced concepts of microstrip antennas, including design procedure and recent applications. Book topics include discussion of arrays, spectral domain, high Tc superconducting microstrip antennas, optimization, multiband, dual and circular polarization, microstrip to waveguide transitions, and improving bandwidth and resonance frequency. Antenna synthesis, materials, microstrip circuits, spectral domain, waveform evaluation, aperture coupled antenna geometry and miniaturization are further book topics. Planar UWB antennas are widely covered and new dual polarized UWB antennas are newly introduced. Design of UWB antennas with single or multi notch bands are also considered. Recent applications such as, cognitive radio, reconfigurable antennas, wearable antennas, and flexible antennas are presented. The book audience will be comprised of electrical and computer engineers and other scientists well versed in microstrip antenna technology.
This book gives a step-by-step presentation of a generalized transmission line method to study the far-zone radiation of antennas under a multilayer structure. Normally, a radiation problem requires a full wave analysis which may be time consuming. The beauty of the generalized transmission line method is that it transforms the radiation problem for a specific type of structure, say the multilayer structure excited by an antenna, into a circuit problem that can be efficiently analyzed. Using the Reciprocity Theorem and far-field approximation, the method computes the far-zone radiation due to a Hertzian dipole within a multilayer structure by solving an equivalent transmission line circuit. Since an antenna can be modeled as a set of Hertzian dipoles, the method could be used to predict the far-zone radiation of an antenna under a multilayer structure. The analytical expression for the far-zone field is derived for a structure with or without a polarizer. The procedure of obtaining the Hertzian dipole model that is required by the generalized transmission line method is also described. Several examples are given to demonstrate the capabilities, accuracy, and efficiency of this method. Table of Contents: Antennas Under a Multilayer Dielectric Slab / Antennas Under a Polarized Multilayer Structure / Hertzian Dipole Model for an Antenna / Bibliography / Biography
This work aims to provide new introduction to the particle swarm optimization methods using a formal analogy with physical systems. By postulating that the swarm motion behaves similar to both classical and quantum particles, we establish a direct connection between what are usually assumed to be separate fields of study, optimization and physics. Within this framework, it becomes quite natural to derive the recently introduced quantum PSO algorithm from the Hamiltonian or the Lagrangian of the dynamical system. The physical theory of the PSO is used to suggest some improvements in the algorithm itself, like temperature acceleration techniques and the periodic boundary condition. At the end, we provide a panorama of applications demonstrating the power of the PSO, classical and quantum, in handling difficult engineering problems. The goal of this work is to provide a general multi-disciplinary view on various topics in physics, mathematics, and engineering by illustrating their interdependence within the unified framework of the swarm dynamics. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Classical Particle Swarm Optimization Method / Boundary Conditions for the PSO Method / The Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization / Bibliography /Index
Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is a new type of transmission line. It implements a waveguide on a piece of printed circuit board by emulating the side walls of the waveguide using two rows of metal posts. It inherits the merits both from the microstrip for compact size and easy integration, and from the waveguide for low radiation loss, and thus opens another door to design efficient microwave circuits and antennas at a low cost. This book presents a two-dimensional fullwave analysis method to investigate an SIW circuit composed of metal and dielectric posts. It combines the cylindrical eigenfunction expansion and the method of moments to avoid geometrical descritization of the posts. The method is presented step-by-step, with all the necessary formulations provided for a practitioner who wants to implement this method by himself. This book covers the SIW circuit printed on either homogeneous or inhomogeneous substrate, the microstrip-to-SIW transition and the speed-up technique for the simulation of symmetrical SIW circuits. Different types of SIW circuits are shown and simulated using the proposed method. In addition, several slot antennas and horn antennas fabricated using the SIW technology are also given. Table of Contents: Introduction / SIW Circuits Composed of Metallic Posts / SIW Circuits with Dielectric Posts / Even-Odd Mode Analysis of a Symmetrical Circuit / Microstrip to SIW Transition and Half Mode SIW / SIW Antennas
The Fifth Generation (5G) of Wireless Communication is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters, offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The book comprises single chapters authored by various researchers and edited by an expert active in the Electrical and Electronic Engineering research area. All chapters are complete in itself but united under a common research study topic. This publication aims at providing a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors on the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication, and open new possible research paths for further novel developments.
Modelling and computations in electromagnetics is a quite fast-growing research area. The recent interest in this field is caused by the increased demand for designing complex microwave components, modeling electromagnetic materials, and rapid increase in computational power for calculation of complex electromagnetic problems. The first part of this book is devoted to the advances in the analysis techniques such as method of moments, finite-difference time- domain method, boundary perturbation theory, Fourier analysis, mode-matching method, and analysis based on circuit theory. These techniques are considered with regard to several challenging technological applications such as those related to electrically large devices, scattering in layered structures, photonic crystals, and artificial materials. The second part of the book deals with waveguides, transmission lines and transitions. This includes microstrip lines (MSL), slot waveguides, substrate integrated waveguides (SIW), vertical transmission lines in multilayer media as well as MSL to SIW and MSL to slot line transitions.
The Nasserist revolution of 1952 had a massive impact on the Egyptian educational system. For the first time, the doors of university education were opened to masses of people in a Third World country, and hundreds of thousands of the sons and daughters of peasants, workers, and lower-middle-class employees seized the opportunity. But quantitative growth was not matched by qualitative advance, and the gap between expectations and reality has rarely been so wide. The result was one of the world's most turbulent student movements. This history of that movement's most critical years, first published in 1985, was written by a young Egyptian who was a participant in many of the events and was intimately acquainted with them. Ahmed Abdalla describes the sociological composition of the student body, the physical and social conditions in the universities, the shifts in government education policy, and the attempts of the students to influence the direction of national development in both domestic and foreign policy. The Student Movement and National Politics in Egypt is an important contribution to our understanding of Egypt's modern history, and will also be of interest to anyone concerned with the more universal issues of higher education, social change, and state politics in the Third World.
This book draws lessons and conclusions, based on the methodology outlined in the author's previous book, Water as a Catalyst for Peace (Routledge, 2013), and further charts the course to a more practical framework for achieving regional stability and justice. Past agreements are examined and analysed, outlining the change along the way that occurred to the land and people of Palestine. The book is written with the intention of exposing past events that led to the current situation, evaluating the current state of the conflict in light of new circumstances and the reality on the ground. Viable options are explored to seek a practical and satisfactory negotiated settlement that ensures justice and viability. In conclusion, a roadmap for future direction is proposed to achieve equitable water allocation through proper negotiation between Israel and Palestine and to ultimately settle the conflict. Water resources allocation is at the heart of this pragmatic framework and roadmap.
This book is about the spleen, a mysterious organ, covering all aspects of its anatomy, physiology, and medical and surgical conditions affecting the spleen. It covers the most areas critical for decision making such as patient's presentation, diagnosis, and management. This book considers the recent developments in diagnosing and treating medical and surgical conditions affecting the spleen, including minimally invasive surgery. It is a quick reference book, well-illustrated, and easy to read and understand. This book should be helpful to medical consultants, surgeons, hematologists, and pediatric surgeons. It also benefits specialists, fellows, medical students, and nurses. The illustrations in this book are clear and include clinical, radiological, operative, pathological, and diagrammatic pictures. These illustrations are detailed, making them easy to grasp and understand.
In recent years, transmitarray antennas have attracted growing interest with many antenna researchers. Transmitarrays combines both optical and antenna array theory, leading to a low profile design with high gain, high radiation efficiency, and versatile radiation performance for many wireless communication systems. In this book, comprehensive analysis, new methodologies, and novel designs of transmitarray antennas are presented. Detailed analysis for the design of planar space-fed array antennas is presented. The basics of aperture field distribution and the analysis of the array elements are described. The radiation performances (directivity and gain) are discussed using array theory approach, and the impacts of element phase errors are demonstrated. The performance of transmitarray design using multilayer frequency selective surfaces (M-FSS) approach is carefully studied, and the transmission phase limit which are generally independent from the selection of a specific element shape is revealed. The maximum transmission phase range is determined based on the number of layers, substrate permittivity, and the separations between layers. In order to reduce the transmitarray design complexity and cost, three different methods have been investigated. As a result, one design is performed using quad-layer cross-slot elements with no dielectric material and another using triple-layer spiral dipole elements. Both designs were fabricated and tested at X-Band for deep space communications. Furthermore, the radiation pattern characteristics were studied under different feed polarization conditions and oblique angles of incident field from the feed. New design methodologies are proposed to improve the bandwidth of transmitarray antennas through the control of the transmission phase range of the elements. These design techniques are validated through the fabrication and testing of two quad-layer transmitarray antennas at Ku-band. A single-feed quad-beam transmitarray antenna with 50 degrees elevation separation between the beams is investigated, designed, fabricated, and tested at Ku-band. In summary, various challenges in the analysis and design of transmitarray antennas are addressed in this book. New methodologies to improve the bandwidth of transmitarray antennas have been demonstrated. Several prototypes have been fabricated and tested, demonstrating the desirable features and potential new applications of transmitarray antennas.
The Fifth Generation (5G) of Wireless Communication is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters, offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The book comprises single chapters authored by various researchers and edited by an expert active in the Electrical and Electronic Engineering research area. All chapters are complete in itself but united under a common research study topic. This publication aims at providing a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors on the fifth generation (5G) of wireless communication, and open new possible research paths for further novel developments.
This book is the second volume of a much larger project, Ancient Pakistan - An Archaelogical History, which deals with the prehistory of Pakistan from the Stone Age to the end of the Indus Civilization ca. 1500 BC. This particular volume, A Prelude to Civilization, is concerned with the beginning of agriculture, sedentary living and the emergence of village farming communities in the Greater Indus Valley, leaving the reader at the threshold of the Harappan Civilization. The material is generously illustrated with a large number of maps, tables, drawings, and photographs. A comprehensive bibliography is provided for those who want to dig deeper into the subject.
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