The book describes the oil spill and its fate in the marine environment and clarifies how to treat and reduce oil input in coastal and offshore waters. How much oil is entering the world-wide marine environment is also discussed. The ecological impacts of oil spills and the hazardous effects of petroleum on marine habitats are also discussed.
Carbohydrates are widely distributed in nature and widely available, and so are considered as a promising feedstock for the preparation of many organic chemical compounds. They are particularly useful in the preparation of nitrogen heterocycles because of their related structural characteristics and easy availability. Synthesis of Naturally Occurring Nitrogen Heterocycles from Carbohydrates will review the recent literature dealing with use of carbohydrates as raw materials in the synthesis of these materials. The text contains six chapters arranged according to the complexity of the heterocyclic compounds discussed, ranging from five to seven membered rings and from single to multiple fused rings. The book provides a detailed discussion of the various synthetic approaches to these compounds, using carbohydrate starting materials, and does not merely reference synthetic methodology but attempts to give as much detail as possible on the actual experimental conditions used, in such a way that the chemist can use the information directly to design a multi-step synthesis. It discusses the different approaches to the synthesis of a wide range of naturally occurring nitrogen heterocycles in a format that enables the reader to make comparisons and decisions on whether to use a certain procedure, to modify it, or to devise a new synthetic methodology.
Climate change is likely to continue to have severe impacts, including sea level rise. At the same time, population increase and development imperatives create additional pressure on available water resources. These changes are problematic for the Mediterranean coastal areas and especially the Nile Delta coast. Particular focus of this study is on salinization of groundwater resources in the Nile Delta Aquifer (NDA) due to saltwater intrusion. To assess current conditions and develop future adaptation strategies for the NDA, a 3D model simulating regional variable-density groundwater flow and coupled salt transport was constructed based on available data set, using the SEAWAT code. A method for identification of the most representative model has been developed, based on testing different simulation periods during which the NDA has ‘evolved’ from completely fresh groundwater conditions to conditions representative for the year 2010.This model was then applied to analyze possible future NDA conditions under several predefined scenarios of sea level rise and groundwater extraction. This analysis indicated that the impacts from further extractions of groundwater on availability of fresh groundwater in the aquifer are more significant compared to those from sea level rise. Furthermore, three different adaptation measures and their impacts in the Sharkeya Nile Delta governorate were tested. It was shown that that changing crop types and irrigation practices towards water saving options seem to be more promising than artificial recharge with injection wells or extraction and usage of brackish groundwater after desalination. The developed model is useful for further Water-Food Nexus studies.
The book describes the oil spill and its fate in the marine environment and clarifies how to treat and reduce oil input in coastal and offshore waters. How much oil is entering the world-wide marine environment is also discussed. The ecological impacts of oil spills and the hazardous effects of petroleum on marine habitats are also discussed.
Environmental pollution is known as any deterioration in the physical, chemical and biological quality of the environment. The pollutants fall under the broad category of xenobiotic compounds and are released into the environment by the actions of human and occur at concentrations higher than "natural levels". Environmental pollution can be implied by any alternation in the surroundings. All types of environmental pollution may affect directly or indirectly the living organisms and particularly human health. The textile industry is amongst the major contributors to environmental pollution but it is very important for the nation's economy. This book provides the latest research on a non-conventional method effective in treatment of textile wastewater. (Imprint: Nova)
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