This work aims to provide new introduction to the particle swarm optimization methods using a formal analogy with physical systems. By postulating that the swarm motion behaves similar to both classical and quantum particles, we establish a direct connection between what are usually assumed to be separate fields of study, optimization and physics. Within this framework, it becomes quite natural to derive the recently introduced quantum PSO algorithm from the Hamiltonian or the Lagrangian of the dynamical system. The physical theory of the PSO is used to suggest some improvements in the algorithm itself, like temperature acceleration techniques and the periodic boundary condition. At the end, we provide a panorama of applications demonstrating the power of the PSO, classical and quantum, in handling difficult engineering problems. The goal of this work is to provide a general multi-disciplinary view on various topics in physics, mathematics, and engineering by illustrating their interdependence within the unified framework of the swarm dynamics. Table of Contents: Introduction / The Classical Particle Swarm Optimization Method / Boundary Conditions for the PSO Method / The Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization / Bibliography /Index
This book gives a step-by-step presentation of a generalized transmission line method to study the far-zone radiation of antennas under a multilayer structure. Normally, a radiation problem requires a full wave analysis which may be time consuming. The beauty of the generalized transmission line method is that it transforms the radiation problem for a specific type of structure, say the multilayer structure excited by an antenna, into a circuit problem that can be efficiently analyzed. Using the Reciprocity Theorem and far-field approximation, the method computes the far-zone radiation due to a Hertzian dipole within a multilayer structure by solving an equivalent transmission line circuit. Since an antenna can be modeled as a set of Hertzian dipoles, the method could be used to predict the far-zone radiation of an antenna under a multilayer structure. The analytical expression for the far-zone field is derived for a structure with or without a polarizer. The procedure of obtaining the Hertzian dipole model that is required by the generalized transmission line method is also described. Several examples are given to demonstrate the capabilities, accuracy, and efficiency of this method. Table of Contents: Antennas Under a Multilayer Dielectric Slab / Antennas Under a Polarized Multilayer Structure / Hertzian Dipole Model for an Antenna / Bibliography / Biography
Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) is a new type of transmission line. It implements a waveguide on a piece of printed circuit board by emulating the side walls of the waveguide using two rows of metal posts. It inherits the merits both from the microstrip for compact size and easy integration, and from the waveguide for low radiation loss, and thus opens another door to design efficient microwave circuits and antennas at a low cost. This book presents a two-dimensional fullwave analysis method to investigate an SIW circuit composed of metal and dielectric posts. It combines the cylindrical eigenfunction expansion and the method of moments to avoid geometrical descritization of the posts. The method is presented step-by-step, with all the necessary formulations provided for a practitioner who wants to implement this method by himself. This book covers the SIW circuit printed on either homogeneous or inhomogeneous substrate, the microstrip-to-SIW transition and the speed-up technique for the simulation of symmetrical SIW circuits. Different types of SIW circuits are shown and simulated using the proposed method. In addition, several slot antennas and horn antennas fabricated using the SIW technology are also given. Table of Contents: Introduction / SIW Circuits Composed of Metallic Posts / SIW Circuits with Dielectric Posts / Even-Odd Mode Analysis of a Symmetrical Circuit / Microstrip to SIW Transition and Half Mode SIW / SIW Antennas
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