Advisory Committee on Technology and Society's Books

Summary of the Sensing and Positioning Technology Workshop of the Committee on Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community

Interim Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board

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Summary of the Sensing and Positioning Technology Workshop of the Committee on Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community

Interim Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board

The emergence of nanotechnology as a major science and technology research topic has sparked substantial interest by the intelligence community. In particular the community is interested both in the potential for nanotechnology to assist intelligence operations and threats it could create. To explore these questions, the Intelligence Technology Innovation Center asked the National Research Council to conduct a number of activities to illustrate the potential for nanotechnology to address key intelligence community needs. The second of these was a workshop to explore how nanotechnology might enable advances in sensing and locating technology. This report presents a summary of that workshop. In includes an overview of security technologies, and discussions of systems, natural chemical/biological tags, passive chemical/biological tags, and radio/radar/optical tags.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309165881

ISBN 13

9780309165884

Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security

A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues: Summary

By: National Academy of Engineering,National Research Council,Center for Engineering, Ethics, and Society Advisory Group,Committee on Science, Technology, and Law,Board on Life Sciences,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,Committee on Ethical and Societal Implications of Advances in Militarily Significant Technologies That Are Rapidly Changing and Increasingly Globally Accessible

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Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security

A Framework for Addressing Ethical, Legal, and Societal Issues: Summary

The summary version of Emerging and Readily Available Technologies and National Security distills the findings and recommendations of the complete report into a a booklet format. The full report is available here.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309303265

ISBN 13

9780309303262

New Materials for Next-Generation Commercial Transports

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee on New Materials for Advanced Civil Aircraft

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New Materials for Next-Generation Commercial Transports

The major objective of this book was to identify issues related to the introduction of new materials and the effects that advanced materials will have on the durability and technical risk of future civil aircraft throughout their service life. The committee investigated the new materials and structural concepts that are likely to be incorporated into next generation commercial aircraft and the factors influencing application decisions. Based on these predictions, the committee attempted to identify the design, characterization, monitoring, and maintenance issues that are critical for the introduction of advanced materials and structural concepts into future aircraft.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309053900

ISBN 13

9780309053907

Industrial Technology Assessments

An Evaluation of the Research Program of the Office of Industrial Technologies

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Industrial Technology Assessments

An Evaluation of the Research Program of the Office of Industrial Technologies

In 1993, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Industrial Technology (OIT) established a group of seven industries designated as Industries of the Future (IOF). These industries were selected for their high energy use and large waste generation. The original IOF included the aluminum, chemicals, forest products, glass, metalcasting, petroleum refining, and steel industries. Each industry was asked to provide a future vision and a road map detailing the research required to realize its vision. In November 1994, the forest products industry was the first of the IOF industries to enter into an agreement with DOE. OIT asked the National Research Council's National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB) to provide guidance for OIT's transition to the new IOF strategy. The Committee on Industrial Technology Assessment (CITA) was formed for this purpose with the specific tasks of reviewing and evaluating the overall OIT program, reviewing selected OIT-sponsored research projects, and identifying crosscutting technologies (i.e., technologies applicable to more than one industry). CITA was asked to focus on three specific areas: intermetallic alloys, manufacturing process controls, and separations. A separate panel was formed to study each area and publish the results in separate reports.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309172705

ISBN 13

9780309172707

Proceedings of the Materials Forum 2007

Corrosion Education for the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Corrosion Education Workshop Organizing Panel

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Proceedings of the Materials Forum 2007

Corrosion Education for the 21st Century

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Corrosion Education Workshop Organizing Panel

The U.S. industrial complex and its associated infrastructure are essential to the nation's quality of life, its industrial productivity, international competitiveness, and security. Each component of the infrastructure-such as highways, airports, water supply, waste treatment, energy supply, and power generation-represents a complex system requiring significant investment. Within that infrastructure both the private and government sectors have equipment and facilities that are subject to degradation by corrosion, which significantly reduces the lifetime, reliability, and functionality of structures and equipment, while also threatening human safety. The direct costs of corrosion to the U.S. economy represent 3.2 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), and the total costs to society can be twice that or greater. Opportunities for savings through improved corrosion control exist in every economic sector. The workshop, Corrosion Education for the 21st Century, brought together corrosion specialists, leaders in materials and engineering education, government officials, and other interested parties. The workshop was also attended by members of NRC's Committee on Assessing Corrosion Education, who are carrying out a study on this topic. The workshop panelists and speakers were asked to give their personal perspectives on whether corrosion abatement is adequately addressed in our nation's engineering curricula and, if not, what issues need to be addressed to develop a comprehensive corrosion curriculum in undergraduate engineering. This proceedings consists of extended abstracts from the workshop's speakers that reflect their personal views as presented to the meeting. Proceedings of the Materials Forum 2007: Corrosion Education for the 21st Century summarizes this form.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309180031

ISBN 13

9780309180030

Evolutionary and Revolutionary Technologies for Mining

By: National Research Council,Committee on Earth Resources,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Technologies for the Mining Industries

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Evolutionary and Revolutionary Technologies for Mining

By: National Research Council,Committee on Earth Resources,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Technologies for the Mining Industries

The Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) of the U. S. Department of Energy commissioned the National Research Council (NRC) to undertake a study on required technologies for the Mining Industries of the Future Program to complement information provided to the program by the National Mining Association. Subsequently, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health also became a sponsor of this study, and the Statement of Task was expanded to include health and safety. The overall objectives of this study are: (a) to review available information on the U.S. mining industry; (b) to identify critical research and development needs related to the exploration, mining, and processing of coal, minerals, and metals; and (c) to examine the federal contribution to research and development in mining processes.

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102

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309073405

ISBN 13

9780309073400

Improving Surface Transportation Security

A Research and Development Strategy

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Transportation Research Board,Computer Science and Telecommunications Board,National Materials Advisory Board,Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Committee on R&D Strategies to Improve Surface Transportation Security

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Improving Surface Transportation Security

A Research and Development Strategy

The surface transportation system is vital to our nation's economy, defense, and quality of life. Because threats against the system have hitherto been perceived as minor, little attention has been paid to its security. But the world is changing, as highlighted by dramatic incidents such as the terrorist chemical attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995. As a consequence, security concerns are now attracting more attentionâ€"appropriately so, for the threat is real, and responding to it is hard. Although the surface transportation system is remarkably resilient, it is also open and decentralized, making a security response challenging. Research and development can contribute to that response in important ways. Some important themes emerge from analysis of this strategy. First, a dual-use approach, in which security objectives are furthered at the same time as other transportation goals, can encourage the implementation of security technologies and processes. Second, modeling could be used more to develop a better understanding of the scope of the security problem. Third, DOT can play an important role in developing and disseminating information about best practices that use existing technologies and processes, including low-technology alternatives. Finally, security should be considered as part of a broader picture, not a wholly new and different problem but one that is similar and closely connected to the transportation community's previous experience in responding to accidents, natural disasters, and hazardous materials.

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309067766

ISBN 13

9780309067768

Beam Technologies for Integrated Processing

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Beam Technologies for Integrated Processing

Beam technologies play an important role in microelectronic component fabrication and offer opportunities for application in other manufacturing schemes. Emerging beam technologies that incorporate potential for sensors, control, and information processing have created new opportunities for integrated processing of materials and components. This volume identifies various beam technologies and their applications in electronics and other potential manufacturing processes. Recommendations for research and development to enhance the understanding, capabilities, and applications of beam technologies are presented.

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102

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309046351

ISBN 13

9780309046350

Assessment of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technology for Detection and Identification of Concealed Explosives and Weapons

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation

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Assessment of Millimeter-Wave and Terahertz Technology for Detection and Identification of Concealed Explosives and Weapons

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation

The security of the U.S. commercial aviation system has been a growing concern since the 1970's when the hijacking of aircraft became a serious problem. Over that period, federal aviation officials have been searching for more effective ways for non-invasive screening of passengers, luggage, and cargo to detect concealed explosives and weapons. To assist in this effort, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) asked the NRC for a study of emerging screening technologies. This report-the third of four-focuses on currently maturing millimeter-wavelength/terahertz imaging and spectroscopy technologies that offer promise in meeting aviation security requirements. The report provides a description of the basic operation of these imaging systems, an assessment of their component technologies, an analysis of various system concepts, and an implementation strategy for deployment of millimeter-wavelength/terahertz technology screening systems.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309104696

ISBN 13

9780309104692

Separation Technologies for the Industries of the Future

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Separation Technologies for the Industries of the Future

Separation processesâ€"or processes that use physical, chemical, or electrical forces to isolate or concentrate selected constituents of a mixtureâ€"are essential to the chemical, petroleum refining, and materials processing industries. In this volume, an expert panel reviews the separation process needs of seven industries and identifies technologies that hold promise for meeting these needs, as well as key technologies that could enable separations. In addition, the book recommends criteria for the selection of separations research projects for the Department of Energy's Office of Industrial Technology.

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128

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309063779

ISBN 13

9780309063777

A Matter of Size

Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee to Review the National Nanotechnology Initiative

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A Matter of Size

Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee to Review the National Nanotechnology Initiative

The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) was created in 2000 to focus and coordinate the nanoscience and nanotechnology research and development (R&D) activities being funded by several federal agencies. The purpose of the NNI is to marshal these research activities in order to accelerate responsible development and deployment of nanotechnology for economic benefit and national security. To take stock of the progress of the NNI, Congress, in P. L. 108-153, the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, directed the National Research Council to carry out a review of the program every three years. This report presents the results of the first of those reviews, which addresses the economic impact of nanotechnology developments and provides a benchmark of U.S. R&D efforts relative to those undertaken by foreign competitors. In addition, the report offers an assessment of the current status of responsible development of nanotechnology and comments on the feasibility of molecular self-assembly.

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200

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309180279

ISBN 13

9780309180276

Careers in Science and Technology

An International Perspective

By: Advisory Committee,Office of International Organizations and Programs and Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel,Office of International Affairs,Policy and Global Affairs,National Research Council

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Careers in Science and Technology

An International Perspective

Every industrialized country is concerned with maintaining an adequate supply of individuals interested in careers in science and technology, yet little is known about these efforts outside national borders. This book represents the proceedings of an international conference on Trends in Science and Technology Careers, held in Brussels in 1993. Organized at the behest of OSEP and the OIA Committee on International Organizations and Programs, in cooperation with the European Commission (DG XII) and in response to a resolution of the International Council of Scientific Unions, the conference identified international data on career trends, assessed the research base engaged in studying science and technology careers, and identified ways in which international organizations could promote greater interest in science and technology human resource development. The conference laid the groundwork for continuing international discussions about the best ways to study and promote careers in science and technology and national dialogues about the ways to integrate this knowledge into human resources policies.

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195

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309561035

ISBN 13

9780309561037

Nonconventional Concrete Technologies

Renewal of the Highway Infrastructure

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Nonconventional Concrete Technologies

Renewal of the Highway Infrastructure

Nonconventional Concrete Technologies: Renewal of the Highway Infrastructure identifies research and development opportunities in innovative, nonconventional materials and processes that have the potential to accelerate the construction process, improve the durability of highway pavement and bridges, and enhance the serviceability and longevity of new construction under adverse conditions.

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125

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030905687X

ISBN 13

9780309056878

Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security

First Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,Panel on Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security

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Assessment of Technologies Deployed to Improve Aviation Security

First Report

This report assesses the operational performance of explosives-detection equipment and hardened unit-loading devices (HULDs) in airports and compares their operational performance to their laboratory performance, with a focus on improving aviation security.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309172438

ISBN 13

9780309172431

Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials

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Expanding the Vision of Sensor Materials

Advances in materials science and engineering have paved the way for the development of new and more capable sensors. Drawing upon case studies from manufacturing and structural monitoring and involving chemical and long wave-length infrared sensors, this book suggests an approach that frames the relevant technical issues in such a way as to expedite the consideration of new and novel sensor materials. It enables a multidisciplinary approach for identifying opportunities and making realistic assessments of technical risk and could be used to guide relevant research and development in sensor technologies.

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145

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309176751

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9780309176750

Managing Materials for a Twenty-first Century Military

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Assessing the Need for a Defense Stockpile

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Managing Materials for a Twenty-first Century Military

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Assessing the Need for a Defense Stockpile

Since 1939, the U.S. government, using the National Defense Stockpile (NDS), has been stockpiling critical strategic materials for national defense. The economic and national security environments, however, have changed significantly from the time the NDS was created. Current threats are more varied, production and processing of key materials is more globally dispersed, the global competition for raw materials is increasing, the U.S. military is more dependent on civilian industry, and industry depends far more on just-in-time inventory control. To help determine the significance of these changes for the strategic materials stockpile, the Department of Defense asked the NRC to assess the continuing need for and value of the NDS. This report begins with the historical context of the NDS. It then presents a discussion of raw-materials and minerals supply, an examination of changing defense planning and materials needs, an analysis of modern tools used to manage materials supply chains, and an assessment of current operational practices of the NDS.

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206

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309112575

ISBN 13

9780309112574

Globalization of Materials R&D

Time for a National Strategy

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Globalization of Materials Research and Development

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Globalization of Materials R&D

Time for a National Strategy

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Globalization of Materials Research and Development

Materials Science and Engineering (MSE) R&D is spreading globally at an accelerating rate. As a result, the relative U.S. position in a number of MSE subfields is in a state of flux. To understand better this trend and its implications for the U.S. economy and national security, the Department of Defense (DOD) asked the NRC to assess the status and impacts of the global spread of MSE R&D. This report presents a discussion of drivers affecting U.S. companies' decisions about location of MSE R&D, an analysis of impacts on the U.S. economy and national security, and recommendations to ensure continued U.S. access to critical MSE R&D.

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217

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309096030

ISBN 13

9780309096034

Opportunities to Improve Airport Passenger Screening with Mass Spectrometry

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation

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Opportunities to Improve Airport Passenger Screening with Mass Spectrometry

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Assessment of Security Technologies for Transportation

Protection of the traveling public from terrorist threats involving explosives is a major goal of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA). For 20 years, the TSA (and the Federal Aviation Administration before it) have been investing in technologies to meet that goal. To support that activity, the TSA has asked the NRC to assess a variety of technological opportunities for offering such protection. The NRC is approaching this assignment by issuing a series of reports on chosen technology applications. This is the first of that series and presents an assessment of mass spectrometry for enhanced trace detection (ETD) of chemicals contained in explosives. The report describes limitations of trace detection in general and the current technologies in particular. It then presents a discussion of the potential for mass spectrometry to improve EDT including challenges faced by such a system, recommendations for starting a program to take advantage of mass spectrometry, and recommendations for a phased implementation plan.

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ISBN 10

0309166055

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9780309166058

Opportunities in Protection Materials Science and Technology for Future Army Applications

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Army Science and Technology,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Opportunities in Protection Materials Science and Technology for Future Army Applications

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Opportunities in Protection Materials Science and Technology for Future Army Applications

Armor plays a significant role in the protection of warriors. During the course of history, the introduction of new materials and improvements in the materials already used to construct armor has led to better protection and a reduction in the weight of the armor. But even with such advances in materials, the weight of the armor required to manage threats of ever-increasing destructive capability presents a huge challenge. Opportunities in Protection Materials Science and Technology for Future Army Applications explores the current theoretical and experimental understanding of the key issues surrounding protection materials, identifies the major challenges and technical gaps for developing the future generation of lightweight protection materials, and recommends a path forward for their development. It examines multiscale shockwave energy transfer mechanisms and experimental approaches for their characterization over short timescales, as well as multiscale modeling techniques to predict mechanisms for dissipating energy. The report also considers exemplary threats and design philosophy for the three key applications of armor systems: (1) personnel protection, including body armor and helmets, (2) vehicle armor, and (3) transparent armor. Opportunities in Protection Materials Science and Technology for Future Army Applications recommends that the Department of Defense (DoD) establish a defense initiative for protection materials by design (PMD), with associated funding lines for basic and applied research. The PMD initiative should include a combination of computational, experimental, and materials testing, characterization, and processing research conducted by government, industry, and academia.

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176

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030921288X

ISBN 13

9780309212885

Summary of the Power Systems Workshop on Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community

Interim Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community

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Summary of the Power Systems Workshop on Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community

Interim Report

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community

The emergence of nanotechnology as a major science and technology research topic has sparked substantial interest by the intelligence community. In particular the community is interested both in the potential for nanotechnology to assist intelligence operations and threats it could create. To explore these questions, the Intelligence Technology Innovation Center asked the National Research Council to conduct a number of activities to illustrate the potential for nanotechnology to address key intelligence community needs. The first of these was a workshop to explore technology opportunities and challenges in power systems that could be addressed by nanotechnology. This report presents a summary of that workshop. It includes an overview of power technologies and discussions on nanoscale properties of energy storage materials, device experience, manufacturing and material handling considerations, and natural power.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309091497

ISBN 13

9780309091497

Ceramic Fibers and Coatings

Advanced Materials for the Twenty-First Century

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Ceramic Fibers and Coatings

Advanced Materials for the Twenty-First Century

High-temperature ceramic fibers are the key components of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). Ceramic fiber properties (strength, temperature and creep resistance, for example)-along with the debonding characteristics of their coatings-determine the properties of CMCs. This report outlines the state of the art in high-temperature ceramic fibers and coatings, assesses fibers and coatings in terms of future needs, and recommends promising avenues of research. CMCs are also discussed in this report to provide a context for discussing high-temperature ceramic fibers and coatings.

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112

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309174171

ISBN 13

9780309174176

Going to Extremes

Meeting the Emerging Demand for Durable Polymer Matrix Composites

By: National Research Council,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Materials Advisory Board,Committee on Durability and Life Prediction of Polymer Matrix Composites in Extreme Environments

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Going to Extremes

Meeting the Emerging Demand for Durable Polymer Matrix Composites

Advanced polymer matrix composites (PMC) have many advantages such as light weight and high specific strength that make them useful for many aerospace applications. Enormous uncertainty exists, however, in predicting long-term changes in properties of PMCs under extreme environmental conditions, which has limited their use. To help address this issue, the Department of Defense requested a study from the NRC to identify the barriers and limitations to the use of PMCs in extreme environments. The study was to focus on issues surrounding methodologies for predicting long-term performance. This report provides a review of the challenges facing application of PMCs in extreme environments, the current understanding of PMC properties and behavior, an analysis of the importance of data in developing effective models, and recommendations for improving long-term predictive methodologies.

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ISBN 10

0309097150

ISBN 13

9780309097154

Microelectromechanical Systems

Advanced Materials and Fabrication Methods

By: Committee on Advanced Materials and Fabrication Methods for Microelectromechanical Systems,Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems,National Materials Advisory Board,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,National Research Council

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Microelectromechanical Systems

Advanced Materials and Fabrication Methods

Microelectromenchanical systems (MEMS) is a revolutionary field that adapts for new uses a technology already optimized to accomplish a specific set of objectives. The silicon-based integrated circuits process is so highly refined it can produce millions of electrical elements on a single chip and define their critical dimensions to tolerances of 100-billionths of a meter. The MEMS revolution harnesses the integrated circuitry know-how to build working microsystems from micromechanical and microelectronic elements. MEMS is a multidisciplinary field involving challenges and opportunites for electrical, mechanical, chemical, and biomedical engineering as well as physics, biology, and chemistry. As MEMS begin to permeate more and more industrial procedures, society as a whole will be strongly affected because MEMS provide a new design technology that could rival--perhaps surpass--the societal impact of integrated circuits.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309591511

ISBN 13

9780309591515

Microwave Processing of Materials

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Microwave Processing of Materials

Microwaves can be effectively used in the processing of industrial materials under a wide range of conditions. However, microwave processing is complex and multidisciplinary in nature, and a high degree of technical knowledge is needed to determine how, when, and where the technology can be most profitably utilized. This book assesses the potential of microwave technology for industrial applications, reviews the latest equipment and processing methods, and identifies both the gaps in understanding of microwave processing technology and the promising development opportunities that take advantage of this new technology's unique performance characteristics.

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165

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309050278

ISBN 13

9780309050272

The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security

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The Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Transmission Spectroscopy for Aviation Security

A major goal of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and now the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), is the development of technologies for detecting explosives and illegal drugs in freight cargo and passenger luggage. One such technology is pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA). This technology is based on detection of signature radiation (gamma rays) induced in material scanned by a beam of neutrons. While PFNA may have the potential to meet TSA goals, it has many limitations. Because of these issues, the government asked the National Research Council to evaluate the potential of PFNA for airport use and compare it with current and future x-ray technology. The results of this survey are presented in "Assessment of the Practicality of Pulsed Fast Neutron Analysis for Aviation Security." A broad range of detection methods and test results are covered in this report. Tests conducted as of October 2000 showed that the PFNA system was unable to meet the stringent federal aviation requirements for explosive detection in air cargo containers. PFNA systems did, however, demonstrate some superior characteristics compared to existing x-ray systems in detecting explosives in cargo containers, though neither system performed entirely satisfactorily. Substantial improvements are needed in the PFNA detection algorithms to allow it to meet aviation detection standards for explosives in cargo and passenger baggage. The PFNA system currently requires a long scan time (an average of 90 minutes per container in the prototype testing in October 2000), needs considerable radiation shielding, is significantly larger than current x-ray systems, and has high implementation costs. These factors are likely to limit installation at airports, even if the detection capability is improved. Nevertheless, because PFNA has the best potential of any known technology for detecting explosives in cargo and luggage, this book discusses how continued research to improve detection capabilities and system design can best be applied for the airport environment.

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ISBN 10

030906449X

ISBN 13

9780309064491

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