I cannot define coincidence [in mathematics]. But 1 shall argue that coincidence can always be elevated or organized into a superstructure which perfonns a unification along the coincidental elements. The existence of a coincidence is strong evidence for the existence of a covering theory. " -Philip 1. Davis [Dav81] Alluding to the Thomas gyration, this book presents the Theory of gy rogroups and gyrovector spaces, taking the reader to the immensity of hyper bolic geometry that lies beyond the Einstein special theory of relativity. Soon after its introduction by Einstein in 1905 [Ein05], special relativity theory (as named by Einstein ten years later) became overshadowed by the ap pearance of general relativity. Subsequently, the exposition of special relativity followed the lines laid down by Minkowski, in which the role of hyperbolic ge ometry is not emphasized. This can doubtlessly be explained by the strangeness and unfamiliarity of hyperbolic geometry [Bar98]. The aim of this book is to reverse the trend of neglecting the role of hy perbolic geometry in the special theory of relativity, initiated by Minkowski, by emphasizing the central role that hyperbolic geometry plays in the theory.
The concept of the Euclidean simplex is important in the study of n-dimensional Euclidean geometry. This book introduces for the first time the concept of hyperbolic simplex as an important concept in n-dimensional hyperbolic geometry. Following the emergence of his gyroalgebra in 1988, the author crafted gyrolanguage, the algebraic language that sheds natural light on hyperbolic geometry and special relativity. Several authors have successfully employed the author’s gyroalgebra in their exploration for novel results. Françoise Chatelin noted in her book, and elsewhere, that the computation language of Einstein described in this book plays a universal computational role, which extends far beyond the domain of special relativity. This book will encourage researchers to use the author’s novel techniques to formulate their own results. The book provides new mathematical tools, such as hyperbolic simplexes, for the study of hyperbolic geometry in n dimensions. It also presents a new look at Einstein’s special relativity theory.
This is the first book on analytic hyperbolic geometry, fully analogous to analytic Euclidean geometry. Analytic hyperbolic geometry regulates relativistic mechanics just as analytic Euclidean geometry regulates classical mechanics. The book presents a novel gyrovector space approach to analytic hyperbolic geometry, fully analogous to the well-known vector space approach to Euclidean geometry. A gyrovector is a hyperbolic vector. Gyrovectors are equivalence classes of directed gyrosegments that add according to the gyroparallelogram law just as vectors are equivalence classes of directed segments that add according to the parallelogram law. In the resulting ?gyrolanguage? of the book one attaches the prefix ?gyro? to a classical term to mean the analogous term in hyperbolic geometry. The prefix stems from Thomas gyration, which is the mathematical abstraction of the relativistic effect known as Thomas precession. Gyrolanguage turns out to be the language one needs to articulate novel analogies that the classical and the modern in this book share.The scope of analytic hyperbolic geometry that the book presents is cross-disciplinary, involving nonassociative algebra, geometry and physics. As such, it is naturally compatible with the special theory of relativity and, particularly, with the nonassociativity of Einstein velocity addition law. Along with analogies with classical results that the book emphasizes, there are remarkable disanalogies as well. Thus, for instance, unlike Euclidean triangles, the sides of a hyperbolic triangle are uniquely determined by its hyperbolic angles. Elegant formulas for calculating the hyperbolic side-lengths of a hyperbolic triangle in terms of its hyperbolic angles are presented in the book.The book begins with the definition of gyrogroups, which is fully analogous to the definition of groups. Gyrogroups, both gyrocommutative and non-gyrocommutative, abound in group theory. Surprisingly, the seemingly structureless Einstein velocity addition of special relativity turns out to be a gyrocommutative gyrogroup operation. Introducing scalar multiplication, some gyrocommutative gyrogroups of gyrovectors become gyrovector spaces. The latter, in turn, form the setting for analytic hyperbolic geometry just as vector spaces form the setting for analytic Euclidean geometry. By hybrid techniques of differential geometry and gyrovector spaces, it is shown that Einstein (Mbius) gyrovector spaces form the setting for Beltrami-Klein (Poincar) ball models of hyperbolic geometry. Finally, novel applications of Mbius gyrovector spaces in quantum computation, and of Einstein gyrovector spaces in special relativity, are presented.
This book presents a powerful way to study Einstein's special theory of relativity and its underlying hyperbolic geometry in which analogies with classical results form the right tool. The premise of analogy as a study strategy is to make the unfamiliar familiar. Accordingly, this book introduces the notion of vectors into analytic hyperbolic geometry, where they are called gyrovectors. Gyrovectors turn out to be equivalence classes that add according to the gyroparallelogram law just as vectors are equivalence classes that add according to the parallelogram law. In the gyrolanguage of this book, accordingly, one prefixes a gyro to a classical term to mean the analogous term in hyperbolic geometry. As an example, the relativistic gyrotrigonometry of Einstein's special relativity is developed and employed to the study of the stellar aberration phenomenon in astronomy.Furthermore, the book presents, for the first time, the relativistic center of mass of an isolated system of noninteracting particles that coincided at some initial time t = 0. It turns out that the invariant mass of the relativistic center of mass of an expanding system (like galaxies) exceeds the sum of the masses of its constituent particles. This excess of mass suggests a viable mechanism for the formation of dark matter in the universe, which has not been detected but is needed to gravitationally 'glue' each galaxy in the universe. The discovery of the relativistic center of mass in this book thus demonstrates once again the usefulness of the study of Einstein's special theory of relativity in terms of its underlying hyperbolic geometry.
The mere mention of hyperbolic geometry is enough to strike fear in the heart of the undergraduate mathematics and physics student. Some regard themselves as excluded from the profound insights of hyperbolic geometry so that this enormous portion of human achievement is a closed door to them. The mission of this book is to open that door by making the hyperbolic geometry of Bolyai and Lobachevsky, as well as the special relativity theory of Einstein that it regulates, accessible to a wider audience in terms of novel analogies that the modern and unknown share with the classical and familiar. These novel analogies that this book captures stem from Thomas gyration, which is the mathematical abstraction of the relativistic effect known as Thomas precession. Remarkably, the mere introduction of Thomas gyration turns Euclidean geometry into hyperbolic geometry, and reveals mystique analogies that the two geometries share. Accordingly, Thomas gyration gives rise to the prefix "gyro" that is extensively used in the gyrolanguage of this book, giving rise to terms like gyrocommutative and gyroassociative binary operations in gyrogroups, and gyrovectors in gyrovector spaces. Of particular importance is the introduction of gyrovectors into hyperbolic geometry, where they are equivalence classes that add according to the gyroparallelogram law in full analogy with vectors, which are equivalence classes that add according to the parallelogram law. A gyroparallelogram, in turn, is a gyroquadrilateral the two gyrodiagonals of which intersect at their gyromidpoints in full analogy with a parallelogram, which is a quadrilateral the two diagonals of which intersect at their midpoints. Table of Contents: Gyrogroups / Gyrocommutative Gyrogroups / Gyrovector Spaces / Gyrotrigonometry
Intended as a text for undergraduate students of English for their course on Women’s Writings in the Nineteenth and Twentieth centuries, this compact and well-organized book provides both the history of the development of the short story in America and Britain and a comprehensive introduction to the modes on critical practices based on feminist thinking. It takes into account the strategies used by women writers, and discusses the politics of reception and production keeping especially the gender issue in mind. The text is divided into three parts—Part I: Introduction—containing two chapters that deal with the development of the American short story and the resurgence of radical feminism in America. These provide the historical and the feminist frame within which the short stories by the Anglo American Women’s Writers should be read. Part II gives four short stories: Kate Chopin—The Story of An Hour; Charlotte Perkins Gilman—The Yellow Wallpaper; Willa Cather—Coming, Aphrodite!; and Katherine Mansfield—Bliss. Each short story is preceded by a critical introduction, detailed references for further reading, and a biographical time line. Part III comprises three critical essays which provide sharp insights into the period in which the four women writers were writing. This book will be treasured not only by students but also by those who wish to study critically the feminist writings of the period. In addition, it will enrich readers’ understanding of American and British literary history and culture. The critical introduction to each short story traces the development of the form from its origins, both historically and in terms of female literary contributions to its development. The chapter on Radical Feminism is mapped in the context of social, political and cultural development. The book provides historical, literary and biographical contexts of the writers and their short stories.
AMERICAN IMMIGRATION AESTHETICS (Bernard Malamud & Bharati Mukherjee as Immigrants) is a well-researched Doctoral study of the dynamics of immigration into America in the second half of the twentieth century and beyond. As immigrant writers both Bernard Malamud (1914-1986)-a second generation East European (Russian) Jew and Bharati Mukherjee (b 1940)-a first generation South Asian (Indian) Hindu have proven to the outer world their capabilities as excellent storytellers in their novels & short stories. Together, about 15 novels and 50 short stories are discussed. In America the Jews and the Indians have resisted the domination of the majority community. Resistance has tightened the internal cohesion of the two ethnic groups. Suffering has chastened the Jews after their experience of the four thousand year history. Similarly, the long tradition and history of spirituality and adaptability in Hinduism has moulded the Hindu Indian to survive adversity. The human element in man/woman with its struggles between fulfillment and non-fulfillment makes them feel a mutual responsibility. Delineating life's losers and victims with deep concern and compassion the two writers seek 'redemption' in this world itself- in an ethical uprightness. The terminal point marks the emergence of a new set of values equipped for a second quest - this time one of heroism. The contours of a real, new, better life are visible. It leads to a definition and evaluation of the world -on one's own terms.
The word barycentric is derived from the Greek word barys (heavy), and refers to center of gravity. Barycentric calculus is a method of treating geometry by considering a point as the center of gravity of certain other points to which weights are ascribed. Hence, in particular, barycentric calculus provides excellent insight into triangle centers. This unique book on barycentric calculus in Euclidean and hyperbolic geometry provides an introduction to the fascinating and beautiful subject of novel triangle centers in hyperbolic geometry along with analogies they share with familiar triangle centers in Euclidean geometry. As such, the book uncovers magnificent unifying notions that Euclidean and hyperbolic triangle centers share.In his earlier books the author adopted Cartesian coordinates, trigonometry and vector algebra for use in hyperbolic geometry that is fully analogous to the common use of Cartesian coordinates, trigonometry and vector algebra in Euclidean geometry. As a result, powerful tools that are commonly available in Euclidean geometry became available in hyperbolic geometry as well, enabling one to explore hyperbolic geometry in novel ways. In particular, this new book establishes hyperbolic barycentric coordinates that are used to determine various hyperbolic triangle centers just as Euclidean barycentric coordinates are commonly used to determine various Euclidean triangle centers.The hunt for Euclidean triangle centers is an old tradition in Euclidean geometry, resulting in a repertoire of more than three thousand triangle centers that are known by their barycentric coordinate representations. The aim of this book is to initiate a fully analogous hunt for hyperbolic triangle centers that will broaden the repertoire of hyperbolic triangle centers provided here.
In this second supplement to their Bibliography on Holocaust Literature, the authors have compiled 4000 new entries to keep pace with the outpouring of literature on the subject. Readers' attention is directed to new materials and to items newly available, including books, pamphlets and journal articles, many of which are catalogued for the first time. There is a new section on Soviet anti-Semitism and expanded coverage of neo-Nazism/neo-fascism.
Methodism began as renewal movement within Anglicanism in the eighteenth century, dominated the Protestant landscape of the USA in the nineteenth, and continues to be one of the most vibrant forms of Christianity worldwide today. William J Abraham traces its history, describes its particular identity and emphases, and looks to its future prospects.
The development of oriented organic monomolecular layers by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and self-assembly (SA) techniques has led researchers toward their goal of assembling individual molecules into highly ordered architectures. Thus the continually growing contribution of LB and SA systems to the chemistry and physics of thin organic films is widely recognized. Equally well-known is the difficulty in keeping up to date with the burgeoning multidisciplinary research in this area. Dr. Ulman provides a massive survey of the available literature. The book begins with a section on analytical tools to broaden the understanding of the structure and properties of monolayers and films. Following sections discuss LB films, the preparation and properties of SA monolayers and films, the modeling of LB and SA monolayers, and the application of LB and SA films.
Foundations of Mechanics is a mathematical exposition of classical mechanics with an introduction to the qualitative theory of dynamical systems and applications to the two-body problem and three-body problem.
The life of Niels Bohr spanned times of revolutionary change in science itself as well as its impact on society. Along with Albert Einstein, Bohr can be considered to be this century's major driving force behind the new philosophical and mathematical descriptions of the structure of the atom and the nucleus. Abraham Pais, the acclaimed biogrpaher of Albert Einstein, here traces Bohr's progress from his well-to-do origins in late nineteenth-century Denmark to his position at centre stage in the world political scene, particularly during the Second World War and the development of atomic weapons. Pais' description moves through the science as it was before Bohr, as it became because of Bohr, and thence to Bohr's scientific and philosophical legacy. That legacy is contained both in theory as it is now universally enshrined, as well as in its practice in such great Danish institutions as Riso. But more than that, Pais captures the essence of Bohr, the intensely private family figure who, despite appalling personal tragedy, became one of the most loved cultural figures of recent times.
First published in 1971, Prelude to the Enlightenment is a study of the attitudes of French writers during the transition from the Classical Age to the Enlightenment. Professors Atkinson and Keller investigate the increasing vogue for emotionalism, weeping, and confession and attitudes towards love and morality. On a more intellectual plane, the approaches of authors of the time to literary questions and their treatment of the world of reality. This book presents wide range of quotations from many writers of the period 1690 to 1740 – among them Mativaux; l’Abbé Prévost; Saint-Evremond; the novelists Robert Chasles, Mme Aubin, Mme de Tencin and la Comtesse d’Aulnoy; the remarkable and little-known writer Jean Buvat, who worked as a copyist in the Royal Library and wrote the Journal de la Régence; and l’Abbé Pluche, author of Le Spectacle de la Nature. Some of these are well known, some virtually unheard of, but all provide clues to the character of the age. By combining their own comments with contemporary quotations, Professors Atkinson and Keller give modern readers a feeling for the atmosphere of the period that followed the Golden Age and a deeper appreciation of the literature of the Enlightenment itself.
This book examines reason and unreason in the legal and political responses to terrorism. Terrorism is often perceived as sheer madness, unreasonable use of extreme violence and senseless, futile political action. These assertions are challenged by this book. Combining ‘traditional’ thought (by Kaplan) on reason and unreason in terrorism with empirical explorations of post-modern terrorism and its use of communication platforms (by Weimann) the work uses interdisciplinary and cross disciplinary dimensions to provide a multidimensional picture of critical issues in current politics and a deeper examination of their implications than previously available. The book looks at various aspects of modern politics, from terrorism to protest, from decision-making to political discourse, applying the perspective of philosophical thought. To do so, political issues and actions are examined by using concepts such as reason, emotions, madness, magic, morality, absolutism, extremism, psychopathology, rationality and others. The analysis is rooted in theories and concepts derived from history, philosophy, religion, art, sociology, psychology, and political science. This book, which was mostly written by the late Abraham Kaplan, an American philosopher, and edited and updated by Gabriel Weimann, will be of much interest to students of political violence/terrorism, philosophy, war and conflict studies and political science in general.
A major problem in the treatment of opioid dependence has been the persistence of relapse despite detoxification and enforced prolonged abstention from drug use, with or without conventional psychotherapy and other efforts at rehabilitation. Both initial addiction and subsequent relapses are usually ascribed to the quest for opioid-produced euphoria in persons with character disorders. This formulation is in accord with one-half of the common sense "pleasure-pain" principle, but it ignores the other half, namely, the long-lasting dysphoric consequences of re peated opioid use (distressing abstinence phenomena, sexual distur bances, disruption of marital status, unemployment, enmeshment in criminal activities, arrests, and imprisonment). In any case, the pleasure-pain principle is an empty tautology since it is incapable of refutation by any conceivable objective data that might seem contradic tory, inasmuch as it can be "saved" by invocation of untestable uncon scious intervening variables. Less tied to the pleasure-pain principle is the view that relapse is due to long-lasting sequelae of previous opioid addiction, resulting from complex conditioning processes, both operant and classical, involving pharmacological, environmental, social and personal variables. In this view, relapse is not simply a re-enactment of initial opioid use, but is a "disease, sui generis" a disease of its own kind. The factors contributing to this disease, sui generis are reviewed in this book.
This publication of Abraham Polonsky’s unproduced screenplay for The Gladiators is a tribute to one of Hollywood’s premiere post-WW II directors and writers whose career was severely impacted by the blacklist. His script for The Gladiators survives to remind us that he could, and did, transform a difficult and complex novel of an ancient slave rebellion into a screenplay worthy of Arthur Koestler’s bold fictional vision. Through a combination of the ambivalence of its executive producer and star, plus bad timing, it never went before the cameras. This book is published in the hope that The Gladiators will be produced for cinema or television.
Oxford Scholarly Classics is a new series that makes available again great academic works from the archives of Oxford University Press. Reissued in uniform series design, the reissues will enable libraries, scholars, and students to gain fresh access to some of the finest scholarship of the last century.
This book is an attempt to read the totality of Camus s oeuvre as a voyage, in which Camus approaches the fundamental questions of human existence: What is the meaning of life? Can ultimate values be grounded without metaphysical presuppositions? Can the pain of the other penetrate the thick shield of human narcissism and self-interest? Solipsism and solidarity are among the destinations Camus reaches in the course of this journey. This book is a new reading of one of the towering humanists of the twentieth century, and sheds new light on his spiritual world.
The definitive, revelatory biography of Marvel Comics icon Stan Lee, a writer and entrepreneur who reshaped global pop culture—at a steep personal cost HUGO AWARD FINALIST • EISNER AWARD NOMINEE • “A biography that reads like a thriller or a whodunit . . . scrupulously honest, deeply damning, and sometimes even heartbreaking.”—Neil Gaiman Stan Lee was one of the most famous and beloved entertainers to emerge from the twentieth century. He served as head editor of Marvel Comics for three decades and, in that time, became known as the creator of more pieces of internationally recognizable intellectual property than nearly anyone: Spider-Man, the Avengers, the X-Men, Black Panther, the Incredible Hulk . . . the list goes on. His carnival-barker marketing prowess helped save the comic-book industry and superhero fiction. His cameos in Marvel movies have charmed billions. When he died in 2018, grief poured in from around the world, further cementing his legacy. But what if Stan Lee wasn’t who he said he was? To craft the definitive biography of Lee, Abraham Riesman conducted more than 150 interviews and investigated thousands of pages of private documents, turning up never-before-published revelations about Lee’s life and work. True Believer tackles tough questions: Did Lee actually create the characters he gained fame for creating? Was he complicit in millions of dollars’ worth of fraud in his post-Marvel life? Which members of the cavalcade of grifters who surrounded him were most responsible for the misery of his final days? And, above all, what drove this man to achieve so much yet always boast of more?
A comprehensive guide, Women’s Health in IBD: The Spectrum of Care From Birth to Adulthood will help providers approach the specific issues that women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) face throughout their lifetimes. This book will better equip providers to counsel and support women of all ages with IBD. In Women's Health in IBD, Drs. Bincy P. Abraham, Sunanda V. Kane, and Kerri L. Glassner focus on the unique aspects of care for women with IBD. Half of the IBD patient population is female. As we understand more about gender and sex differences in terms of genetics, physiology, and medical care, it is important to consider these factors between men and women to personalize their care. This book encompasses the entire life span of the female IBD patient through birth, adolescence, pregnancy, menopause, and older adult years. Each chapter includes discussions of medications, treatment plans, and common questions or controversies on important topics in IBD such as: Transitioning from pediatric to adult care Diet and nutrition Mental health Health maintenance Family planning Pregnancy and breastfeeding Menopause Concomitant irritable bowel syndrome Women’s Health in IBD: The Spectrum of Care From Birth to Adulthood is an essential text that will help anyone who treats women with IBD, offering practical tools and takeaways for point of care and beyond.
In this landmark of musical scholarship, the leading 20th-century authority on Jewish music describes and analyzes its elements and characteristics, and chronicles its development from the earliest appearance of Semitic song 2000 years ago to the early 20th century. Liberally illustrating every type of music discussed, the book examines the music as a tonal expression of Judaism, Jewish life and the spiritual aspects of Jewish culture.
This two-part volume combines an accessible overview of contemporary Jewish history with a unique dictionary of Holocaust terms. In addition to assessing the Holocaust specifically, Part 1 of the book discusses the history of European Jewry, anti-Semitism, the rise and fall of Nazism and fascism, World War II, and the postwar implications of the Ho
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