This book shows ways of augmenting the capabilities of Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems by means of cognitive-mode language processing. The authors employ eye-tracking technology to record and analyze shallow cognitive information in the form of gaze patterns of readers/annotators who perform language processing tasks. The insights gained from such measures are subsequently translated into systems that help us (1) assess the actual cognitive load in text annotation, with resulting increase in human text-annotation efficiency, and (2) extract cognitive features that, when added to traditional features, can improve the accuracy of text classifiers. In sum, the authors’ work successfully demonstrates that cognitive information gleaned from human eye-movement data can benefit modern NLP. Currently available Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems are weak AI systems: they seek to capture the functionality of human language processing, without worrying about how this processing is realized in human beings’ hardware. In other words, these systems are oblivious to the actual cognitive processes involved in human language processing. This ignorance, however, is NOT bliss! The accuracy figures of all non-toy NLP systems saturate beyond a certain point, making it abundantly clear that “something different should be done.”
This book provides a cross-sectoral, multi-disciplinary assessment of different problems associated with estuarine acidification with special thrust on mangrove dominated Indian Sundarban estuaries. The arms of ocean acidification have extended to coastal and estuarine waters, where a wide spectrum of biodiversity thrives with unique adaptation extending several ecosystem services. Impact of acidification in these areas is a matter of concern as acidification potentially has more immediate effects on the health of estuaries and inshore regions as well as regional economies. Ground zero data collected for more than three decades have made the book stand on a strong base.
This book is an effort to tether all the exuberant observations on adding nanomaterial in the TPE matrix. With an enhanced processing property along with amplified recyclability and reprocessing feature, thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) proves to be one of the most significant polymeric materials till date. As the scientific world evolves, these advanced materials have attuned themselves with various anisotropic nanomaterials to induce an enhanced property effect on the final product. On an additional note, authors have done extensive research on graphene, the most multifaceted element in the filler family keeping TPE and its derivate as the matrix martial. Cogitating the idea of a multidimensional readership, authors have analyzed the synthesis, derivatization, and properties of graphene and its derivatives separately. Apart from reviewing the future prospects and the potential application of these nano-filled advanced materials, they have kept the structure–property relationship of graphene-based composites at the cynosure to provide firm understanding on the blossoming of these elastomeric composites. The authors believe this book is a potential content for both professionals and academicians.
This is the first comprehensive science-based primer to highlight the unique ecosystem services provided by mangrove forests, and discuss how these services preserve the livelihoods of coastal populations. The book presents three decades of real-time data on Sundarbans and Bhitarkanika mangroves in India measuring carbon and nitrogen sequestration, as well as case studies that demonstrate the utility provided by mangroves for reducing the impact of storms and erosion, providing nutrient retention for complex habitats, and housing a vast reservoir of plant, animal and microbial biodiversity. Also addressed is the function of mangroves as natural ecosystems of cultural convergence, offering the resources and products necessary for thriving coastal communities. The book will be of interest to students, academics and researchers in the fields of oceanography, marine biology, botany, climate science, ecology and environmental geography, as well as consultants and policy makers working in coastal zone management and coastal biodiversity conservation.
Taking possession of private land for ‘public purpose’ by the eminent domain of the state is a global phenomenon, but it displaces and marginalizes the people at the local-level. The researchers have mainly dealt with this phenomenon either from the field, or from the archive. In this book, the author has studied the observable fact of land grab, or acquisition for industries in a particular locale of the West Bengal State by combining the field and archive in a unique mode through a multi-sited ethnographic ‘journey’. Unlike the traditional anthropological ethnographies consisting of single ‘tribes’ or ‘multi-caste villages’, this vertical ethnographic voyage of the author led him to come across a group of dispossessed peasants in the villages, a bunch of files in the district land acquisition department, a rich text of proceedings in the West Bengal Assembly Library, the growing global literature on land grab, and also to reflect on his dialogues with the elected members of the parliamentary standing committee at New Delhi. Ethnography, for the author was the road map, which guided his journey in these apparently separate existential domains of land acquisition and throws new light on how development policies are made, and how they failed, and what were the lessons learnt. Please note: Taylor & Francis does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
How to solve security issues and problems arising in distributed systems. Security is one of the leading concerns in developing dependable distributed systems of today, since the integration of different components in a distributed manner creates new security problems and issues. Service oriented architectures, the Web, grid computing and virtualization – form the backbone of today’s distributed systems. A lens to security issues in distributed systems is best provided via deeper exploration of security concerns and solutions in these technologies. Distributed Systems Security provides a holistic insight into current security issues, processes, and solutions, and maps out future directions in the context of today’s distributed systems. This insight is elucidated by modeling of modern day distributed systems using a four-tier logical model –host layer, infrastructure layer, application layer, and service layer (bottom to top). The authors provide an in-depth coverage of security threats and issues across these tiers. Additionally the authors describe the approaches required for efficient security engineering, alongside exploring how existing solutions can be leveraged or enhanced to proactively meet the dynamic needs of security for the next-generation distributed systems. The practical issues thereof are reinforced via practical case studies. Distributed Systems Security: Presents an overview of distributed systems security issues, including threats, trends, standards and solutions. Discusses threats and vulnerabilities in different layers namely the host, infrastructure, application, and service layer to provide a holistic and practical, contemporary view of enterprise architectures. Provides practical insights into developing current-day distributed systems security using realistic case studies. This book will be of invaluable interest to software engineers, developers, network professionals and technical/enterprise architects working in the field of distributed systems security. Managers and CIOs, researchers and advanced students will also find this book insightful.
This fully-solved book has been developed exactly to suit the need of the CAT aspirants. The objective of this textbook is to test the skill of the candidate in applying the concept and logic in solving problems in Quantitative ability section. The USP of the book is that each chapter opens with a self-diagnostic test with analysis so that each aspirant can self-assess one's level and it also guides him the tactics for preparation for that chapter. Main text has been designed with CTP technique (Concept Through Problem) where each concept/theorem/rule has been explained with the help of an illustrated problem following it. CTP enables the reader to master over the concept and to learn as how to apply this in solving a problem in CAT. KEY FEATURES • Each Chapter has Quick concept followed by main text. • It includes Practice sets of problems (with answers and solutions) under three headings: o CAT–START o CAT–TITA (Non-MCQ) o CAT–SPEED • It incorportaes 800 + solved examples and 1500 + practice problems • The Learning Centre section on our website www.phindia.com contains: o Previous years' CAT papers with answers o Mock CAT papers
Contamination of groundwater with arsenic is being considered a pervasive and critical issue in recent years. Large areas in India, Bangladesh, South East Asia, and other parts of the world are suffering from this problem. Arsenic Removal from Contaminated Groundwater presents a comprehensive discussion on various important issues, including state-of-the-art arsenic removal technologies, preparation and performance analysis of laterite, and scale-up issues and design of a household filter. It also expounds the potentiality of raw laterite and treated laterite as low-cost arsenic adsorbents. The efficiency of adsorbent capacity is evaluated using real arsenic contaminated groundwater collected from an affected area in West Bengal, India. The topic is an emerging area and most of the work presented has the potential of field application.
This textbook emphasizes the fundamentals of bone fracture and its fixation, including advanced techniques of osteosynthesis in both small and large animals. Various fracture fixation techniques and devices have been described in simple language with the help of sketches and photographs. The chapter on the basic considerations in fracture fixation narrates bone structure and types, bone development and growth regulation, types of fracture and fracture healing, first aid and emergency treatment, selection of fracture fixation technique, anesthetic management, and fracture fixation implants and instruments. The book highlights principles of different external, internal, and external skeletal fixation techniques. It also presents various basic and advanced techniques used to manage specific fractures in different bones, separately for small and large animal patients. It also includes specific topics like fracture fixation in young, osteoporotic, and avian bones, open fracture management, bone grafts and scaffolds, and fracture fixation complications. Towards the end, the book elucidates miscellaneous but essential topics in veterinary orthopedics such as metabolic bone diseases, antebrachial bone deformities, joint luxations, arthritis, common tendon, and ligament injuries, bone tumors, and physiotherapy and rehabilitation of patients. This textbook is essential reading for veterinary students, practitioners, and researchers working in veterinary orthopedic surgery.
The present-day power grid is basically a complex power transmission network with risks of failure due to unplanned attacks and contingencies, and therefore, assessment of vulnerability of transmission network is important and the process is based on contingency approach. This book deals with the methods of assessment of the grid network vulnerability and addresses the grid collapse problem due to cascaded failures of the transmission network following an attack or an unplanned contingency. Basic mitigation aspects for the network has been explored and the immunity of such a power transmission network against vulnerable collapse has been described using mathematical models.
In order to design and build computers that achieve and sustain high performance, it is essential that reliability issues be considered care fully. The problem has several aspects. Certainly, considering reliability implies that an engineer must be able to analyze how design decisions affect the incidence of failure. For instance, in order design reliable inte gritted circuits, it is necessary to analyze how decisions regarding design rules affect the yield, i.e., the percentage of functional chips obtained by the manufacturing process. Of equal importance in producing reliable computers is the detection of failures in its Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuit components, caused by errors in the design specification, implementation, or manufacturing processes. Design verification involves the checking of the specification of a design for correctness prior to carrying out an implementation. Implementation verification ensures that the manual design or automatic synthesis process is correct, i.e., the mask-level description correctly implements the specification. Manufacture test involves the checking of the complex fabrication process for correctness, i.e., ensuring that there are no manufacturing defects in the integrated circuit. It should be noted that all the above verification mechanisms deal not only with verifying the functionality of the integrated circuit but also its performance.
This book covers polymer 3D printing through basics of technique and its implementation. It begins with the discussion on fundamentals of new-age printing, know-how of technology, methodology of printing, and product design perspectives. It includes aspects of CAD along with uses of Slicer software, image analysis software and MATLAB® programming in 3D printing of polymers. It covers choice of polymers for printing subject to their structure–property relationship, troubleshooting during printing, and possible uses of waste plastics and other waste materials. Key Features Explores polymeric material printing and design Provides information on the potential for the transformation and manufacturing, reuse and recycling of polymeric material Includes comparison of 3D printing and injection moulding Discusses CAD design and pertinent scaling-up process related to polymers Offers basic strategies for improvement and troubleshooting of 3D printing This book is aimed at professionals and graduate students in polymer and mechanical engineering and materials science and engineering.
Polymer Chemistry is a subdiscipline of chemistry that focuses on the chemical synthesis, structure and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. The principles and methods used in polymer chemistry are also applicable through a wide range of other subdisciplines like Organic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry. Polymer Chemistry can also be included in broader fields of Polymer science or even nanotechnology, both of which can be described as encompassing polymer physics and polymer engineering. This book provides a comprehensive introduction and circumscribes the recent development in the realm of polymer science in a multi-mode model. The book emphasizes both theoretical perspectives along with examples to make readers understand the subject in depth alongside also presents subjective, objective-cum-numerical problems enabling students to prepare for various competitive examinations.
The extensive safety restrictions imposed globally due to the COVID-19 pandemic have brought significant changes to almost all environmental parameters. The largest pandemic of the century has left an indelible mark on all aspects of human life and the environment. This book revolves around COVID-19 and its influence on all biotic and abiotic components on earth, with a focus on the regulatory role of air quality during the pandemic, environmental toxicity and susceptibility to COVID-19, and the impact of the lockdown on different ecosystems. The book fundamentally explains the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology and epidemiology of COVID-19. Dedicated chapters highlight the ongoing global cutting-edge research on COVID-19, control and safety measures, and public health concerns. COVID-19 and Emerging Environmental Trends: A Way Forward is aimed at graduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers in environmental and medical science, health and safety, and ecology. This book offers a multiperspective and multidisciplinary approach to the discussion of the pandemic as well as emerging environmental issues, current trends, and a way forward. As humanity stands face-to-face with the largest global crisis in recent times, this book helps readers to easily understand its various aspects from a beginner’s perspective, without going into the intricate technicalities of medical science or environmental science, and beautifully juxtaposes critical issues with lucid language and flexible scientific explanations.
This book presents a comprehensive study on a new class of branched polymers, known as hyperbranched polymers (HBPs). It discusses in detail the synthesis strategies for these particular classes of polymers as well as biocompatible and biodegradable HBPs, which are of increasing interest to polymer technologists due to their immense potential in biomedical applications. The book also describes the one-pot synthesis technique for HBPs, which is feasible for large-scale production, as well as HBPs’ structure-property relationship, which makes them superior to their linear counterparts. The alterable functional groups present at the terminal ends of the branches make HBPs promising candidates in the biomedical domain, and the book specifically elaborates on the suitable characteristic properties of each of the potential biological HBPs’ applications. As such, the book offers a valuable reference guide for all scientists and technologists who are interested in using these newly developed techniques to achieve faster and better treatments.
Which description fits your organisation? DREAMERS: Most Dreamers or early-stage startups, know how to build products, not organisations. Most Dreamers stay local and never become a Unicorn with a national footprint. UNICORNS: Three curses the Unicorns have to watch for-a narcissistic leader, a leadership team of old cronies and a toxic culture. These prevent them from going global and becoming Market Shapers. MARKET SHAPERS: A Market Shaper changes how we live and work-across countries and cultures. Their challenge is to continuously earn the trust of governments and communities. INCUMBENTS: Many Incumbents were once Market Shapers and Unicorns. The leaders don't know that the firm and its offerings are irrelevant. Not being able to attract and retain talent is a warning bell the leaders often ignore. Packed with ideas and innovations, this powerhouse of a book by best-selling author and talent management specialist Abhijit Bhaduri explains why leadership, talent and culture are the new drivers of growth whether you are a Dreamer, a Unicorn, a Market Shaper or an Incumbent.
This book presents a socio-economic analysis of the issues linking technological innovation in providing arsenic-safe drinking water in rural areas. It presents concrete field based experiences of experiments and case studies depicting the plight and sufferings of people due to failed technological deployment strategies over the past two decades in West Bengal, the most arsenic-exposed state in India and also the first to act for remediation of the crisis. One of the greatest challenges in arsenic-exposed zones is to provide sustainable access to reliably arsenic-safe free water. For nearly twenty years the Government of India and national water distribution institutions in collaboration with multi-lateral funding agencies have sought to pump in money, push technology collected through global tenders, and enlist the support of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), but their efforts have yielded little success. This book is the outcome of the authors’ intensive fieldwork, guided by the conceptual framework of the latest literature on environmental economics and consumer behaviour. It presents a framework and estimates based on field level primary data. Secondary official source-based data are also collated from various scattered sources into a valuable, comprehensive collection. Lastly, the book includes a revealing analysis of factors affecting households’ participation.
This book shows ways of augmenting the capabilities of Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems by means of cognitive-mode language processing. The authors employ eye-tracking technology to record and analyze shallow cognitive information in the form of gaze patterns of readers/annotators who perform language processing tasks. The insights gained from such measures are subsequently translated into systems that help us (1) assess the actual cognitive load in text annotation, with resulting increase in human text-annotation efficiency, and (2) extract cognitive features that, when added to traditional features, can improve the accuracy of text classifiers. In sum, the authors’ work successfully demonstrates that cognitive information gleaned from human eye-movement data can benefit modern NLP. Currently available Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems are weak AI systems: they seek to capture the functionality of human language processing, without worrying about how this processing is realized in human beings’ hardware. In other words, these systems are oblivious to the actual cognitive processes involved in human language processing. This ignorance, however, is NOT bliss! The accuracy figures of all non-toy NLP systems saturate beyond a certain point, making it abundantly clear that “something different should be done.”
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