The rise of Zanzibar was based on two major economic transformations. Firstly slaves became used for producing cloves and grains for export. Previously the slaves themselves were exported. Secondly, there was an increased international demand for luxuries such as ivory. At the same time the price of imported manufactured gods was falling. Zanzibar took advantage of its strategic position to trade as far as the Great Lakes. However this very economic success increasingly subordinated Zanzibar to Britain, with its anti-slavery crusade and its control over the Indian merchant class. Professor Sheriff analyses the early stages of the underdevelopment of East Africa and provides a corrective to the dominance of political and diplomatic factors in the history of the area.
The wooden dhow, with its characteristic lateen sail, is an appropriate icon for the early trading world of the Indian Ocean. It was based on free trade unhindered by monopolies or superpower domination and pre-dated ‘globalisation’ by thousands of years. It carried a motley crew of sailors, traders and passengers, and many commodities, but the dhow was not merely an inanimate transporter of goods and people, but an animated means of social interaction. The dhow was at the mercy of the seasonal monsoons, but mercifully this very fact multiplied opportunities for social interaction between the sailors and traders with their hosts around the rim of the Indian Ocean, giving birth to cosmopolitan populations and cultures. The dhow was thus a vehicle for a genuine dialog between civilisations. The global world of the Indian Ocean had matured by the fifteenth century. Islam was the most widespread religion along its rim, but it had spread not by the sword but through peaceful commerce. The heroes of this world were not the continental empires but a string of small port city-states, from Kilwa in East Africa to Melaka in Malaysia. Nor was their influence confined to the littoral, but penetrated deep into continental hinterlands economically, socially and culturally. Into this world two major incursions occurred from opposite directions, the Chinese expeditions in the early fifteenth century and the Portuguese at the end of it. The contrast could not have been more stark between the Indian Ocean tradition of free trade that the Chinese espoused, despite their enormous strength, and the Vasco da Gama epoch of armed mercantilism that ultimately led to colonial domination. This sweeping and vividly written popular history of the dhow cultures contains dozens of color illustrations and many maps and is set to become the benchmark history of the early Indian Ocean.
Abdul-Rasheed Na'Allah's Ilorin is a unique collection of praise poems in English, Yoruba, and Hausa passionately celebrating and illuminating the city of Ilorin's wealth of culture, history, Islamic heritage, and individual achievements. It is a work that is solid in content, form, and techniques. There are many quotable lines, a measure of poetic strength. I cannot forget the line about the child hearing Koranic recitation from the mother's womb. Also, the moral authority combined with oratory in a wise one who can be heard by a dumb ruler! In addition to the rich Islamic heritage and the success of Ilorin individuals in the areas of justice and bravery, the poet praises the city's delicious trademarked foods such as Warankasi, Tuworesi, and Gbegiri. Among the best executed poems are Onikepe Aduke Opo and Why the Sun Has Not Diminished in Light. Na'Allah has handled the praise poetry form dexterously, and that means at times even a critical appraisal of an item of praise. The reader comes out with a feeling of satisfaction for the poetic effulgence and knowing Ilorin better in its multiple areas of distinction and especially for its multicultural, Islamic, and tolerant character from an Ilorin-born and raised fine poet. - Tanure Ojaide, poet and scholar, Frank Porter Graham, Professor of Africana Studies, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA.
This book contributes to the debate over the culpability of the Trans-Atlantic Slave from various disciplinary perspectives. The general thesis that undergirds the book is that by knowing who was predisposed to benefit the most from the trade and why, prompting them to initiate it, appropriate culpability can be assigned. This approach also allowed for a more in-depth analysis of the issue from many disciplines, making it the first of its kind. For the sake of cohesion and coherence, some of the major questions addressed by every chapter are quite similar, albeit authors were encouraged to fine-tune and add to these questions to meet their disciplinary requirements. By emphasizing the why in some of the questions, a qualitative explanatory case study approach was utilized. Both primary and secondary data sources were also used for each chapter to offer a cogent analysis and new information on the topic.
This book seeks to fill a void in the field of American Government and Politics: i.e. law and politics at the grassroots level. The case of Prince George's County in Maryland clearly demonstrates that a number of bold initiatives in American Government and Politics started at the grassroots level and found their way to the national level. This book is one more tool that will help instructors provide a fuller picture of the American polity.
During the 1940s, in response to the charge that his writing was filled with violence, Richard Wright replied that the manner came from the matter, that the “relationship of the American Negro to the American scene [was] essentially violent,” and that he could deny neither the violence he had witnessed nor his own existence as a product of racial violence. Abdul R. JanMohamed provides extraordinary insight into Wright’s position in this first study to explain the fundamental ideological and political functions of the threat of lynching in Wright’s work and thought. JanMohamed argues that Wright’s oeuvre is a systematic and thorough investigation of what he calls the death-bound-subject, the subject who is formed from infancy onward by the imminent threat of death. He shows that with each successive work, Wright delved further into the question of how living under a constant menace of physical violence affected his protagonists and how they might “free” themselves by overcoming their fear of death and redeploying death as the ground for their struggle. Drawing on psychoanalytic, Marxist, and phenomenological analyses, and on Orlando Patterson’s notion of social death, JanMohamed develops comprehensive, insightful, and original close readings of Wright’s major publications: his short-story collection Uncle Tom’s Children; his novels Native Son, The Outsider, Savage Holiday, and The Long Dream; and his autobiography Black Boy/American Hunger. The Death-Bound-Subject is a stunning reevaluation of the work of a major twentieth-century American writer, but it is also much more. In demonstrating how deeply the threat of death is involved in the formation of black subjectivity, JanMohamed develops a methodology for understanding the presence of the death-bound-subject in African American literature and culture from the earliest slave narratives forward.
A citizen's guide to America's most debated policy-in-waitingAfter languishing for decades on the fringes of political discussion, Medicare-for-All has quickly entered the mainstream debate over what to do about America's persistent healthcare problems. But for most informed Americans, this surge of public and political interest in Medicare-for-All has outpaced a strong understanding of the issues involved. This book seeks to fill this gap in our national discourse, offering an expert analysis of the policy and politics behind Medicare-for-All for theinformed American.
A powerful wartime saga recounting the extraordinary story of the 761st Tank Battalion, the first all-black armored unit to see combat in World War II. “More than a combat story . . . it’s also the story of how black soldiers had to fight (literally and figuratively) for the right to fight the Germans.”—USA Today Kareem Abdul-Jabbar first became immersed in the history of the 761st Battalion through family friend Leonard “Smitty” Smith, a veteran of the unit. Working with acclaimed writer Anthony Walton, Abdul-Jabbar interviewed surviving members of the battalion to weave together a page-turning narrative based on their memories, stories, and historical accounts, from basic training through the horrors of the battlefield to their postwar experiences. Trained essentially as a public relations gesture to maintain the support of the black community for the war, the battalion was never intended to see battle. In fact, General Patton originally opposed their deployment, claiming African Americans couldn’t think quickly enough to operate tanks in combatconditions. But in the summer of 1944, following heavy casualties in the fields of France, the Allies—desperate for trained tank personnel—called the battalion up anyway. While most combat troops fought on the front for a week or two before being rotated back, the men of the 761st served for more than six months, fighting heroically under Patton’s Third Army at the Battle of the Bulge and in the Allies’ final drive across France and Germany. Despite a casualty rate that approached 50 percent and an extreme shortage of personnel and equipment, the 761st would ultimately help liberate some thirty towns and villages, as well as several branch concentration camps. The racism that shadowed them during the war and the prejudice they faced upon their return home are an indelible part of their story. Shining through most of all, however, are the lasting bonds that united them as soldiers and brothers, the bravery they exhibited on the battlefield, and the quiet dignity and patriotism that defined their lives.
I really applaud your efforts. It's really difficult to do a book like that.- WAZIRThanks again for your immense work, my family and I are indeed extremely grateful.- AZLANYour effort in writing about the early Muslim doctors is very commendable and would be good for present and future generations to read about.- TAHIRYou are doing valuable work by filling in the gaps in our history. Iwish more of our retirees would impart their memories to repositoriesof knowledge such as the USM.- TAWFIK
Criminal Law and Constitutional Law in Malaysia: A Comparative Approach is a solid, application-oriented text for students taking law subjects. Many new features make this edition a richer and stronger learning resource for students. Several factors motivated the authors to write this book. After having the experience in legal field and teaching for more than 10 years, it became clear that there was a definite need for more detail materials in this area. In addition, there was need for a book which would give full recognition to an easier method and the authors felt it was time for a text which would develop the ideas and methods with this in mind. This book covers a thorough discussion of the development of law in Malaysia; especially criminal and constitutional law matters. A major audience for the book will be students studying the law subjects. The order of topics, however, provides a degree of flexibility, so that the book can be of interest to different readers through basic concepts until the advanced concepts (i.e. the discussion of the cases). The purpose of this book is to take the readers on an introduction to Malaysian Criminal and Constitutional Law by which the meaning of such subject at basic level is better understood. Hopefully, this book can be benefited by the readers in their journey to success.
Comprehensive insight into the offshore oil and gas industry for those intending to choose it as a career Full syllabus coverage for OPITO BOSIET, FOET, MIST and IMIST courses Produced in full colour with over 180 images Basic Offshore Safety covers everything that newcomers to the offshore oil and gas industry need to know prior to travelling offshore or when attending OPITO's Basic Offshore Safety Induction and Emergency Training (BOSIET), Minimum Industry Safety Training (MIST), Further Offshore Emergency Training (FOET) and International MIST courses. Primarily focused on the oil industry, this book introduces readers to the key safety topics in the offshore support vessel industry and common to the renewable industry. Written in easy to follow steps and including references to both the legislation and guidance where relevant, Abdul Khalique walks the reader through the hazards they are likely to encounter when travelling to, from or working offshore, showing how to minimise risks and deal with any issues that may arise at any stage of the work.
A Preface to Colonial American Poetry is a practical source for anyone interested in American literature. Encyclopedic and groundbreaking, A Preface to Colonial American Poetry presents a critical, analytical survey of Colonial American poetry within the context of American literature in general. In clear and easy to understand language, the book chronicles significant events from the arrival of the first emigrants at the Jamestown colony to the Declaration of Independence. The poetry of New England, Middle and South colonies is discussed with its fascinating interplay of diverse influences. The early settlers had already burned most of their bridges to the traditional culture behind them when they sailed for America and yet their writers kept looking back for inspiration. Author Wisam Khalid brings his modest experience with foreign students to the formation of this book to help international students better understand American history and literature in terms of discovery, foundation, periods and pioneers. Author Wisam Khalid has tailored this book to fit the needs of not only foreign seekers but also native undergraduates who will find interesting comparative insights into American and English poetry.
Unholy Prayer is a true story of two close friends Mitchell Kaplan and Harold Ashton, fourth generation Indian Muslims from Fiji, who met in suburban Sydney Australia. Within a period less than five years after they first met, a horrific murder; caused by frenzied outrage took place when Mitchell stabbed Harold 186 times with an abattoir carving knife. The central argument at the trial for the charge of murder raised the question of the very standard that should be applied to the modern multicultural community. Based on a true story of infidelity and betrayal that takes one's life and brings us to question the term reasonable man' in the eyes of the law. The plea, sentence and argument at the trial caused outcry Australia wide and left indelible precedent enshrined in the chronicles the Common Law. This is Michael Saadey Abdul-Karim fourth book. His other books Observation Status, Customised Down Under, and The Thumbprint Will are all based on real factual situations in which the Author had firsthand knowledge and conduct.
The wooden dhow, with its characteristic lateen sail, is an appropriate icon for the early trading world of the Indian Ocean. It was based on free trade unhindered by monopolies or superpower domination and pre-dated ‘globalisation’ by thousands of years. It carried a motley crew of sailors, traders and passengers, and many commodities, but the dhow was not merely an inanimate transporter of goods and people, but an animated means of social interaction. The dhow was at the mercy of the seasonal monsoons, but mercifully this very fact multiplied opportunities for social interaction between the sailors and traders with their hosts around the rim of the Indian Ocean, giving birth to cosmopolitan populations and cultures. The dhow was thus a vehicle for a genuine dialog between civilisations. The global world of the Indian Ocean had matured by the fifteenth century. Islam was the most widespread religion along its rim, but it had spread not by the sword but through peaceful commerce. The heroes of this world were not the continental empires but a string of small port city-states, from Kilwa in East Africa to Melaka in Malaysia. Nor was their influence confined to the littoral, but penetrated deep into continental hinterlands economically, socially and culturally. Into this world two major incursions occurred from opposite directions, the Chinese expeditions in the early fifteenth century and the Portuguese at the end of it. The contrast could not have been more stark between the Indian Ocean tradition of free trade that the Chinese espoused, despite their enormous strength, and the Vasco da Gama epoch of armed mercantilism that ultimately led to colonial domination. This sweeping and vividly written popular history of the dhow cultures contains dozens of color illustrations and many maps and is set to become the benchmark history of the early Indian Ocean.
Islahi explores the state of Arab Muslim economic thinking in the 19th century. Investigating the works of nine distinguished Arab writers from various fields, Islahi concludes that the intellectual, economic and Islamic awakening seen in the 19th century paved the way for the development of Islamic economics in the 20th century.
Micronutrient research has been an important component of the soil fertility and plant nutrition program in Pakistan since the identification of zinc deficiency in rice in 1969. Since then, considerable progress has been made on diagnosis and management of micronutrient nutrition problems in crops. However, now there is growing R&D evidence that micronutrient malnutrition in humans could be addressed through enriching staple food grains with micronutrients. This book presents the latest R&D information on micronutrient problems in crop plants/cropping systems and their corrective measures. The current status, the constraints, and economic benefits of using micronutrient fertilizers for optimizing crop productivity and soil resource sustainability are discussed along with estimating future potential requirement of micronutrient fertilizers to optimize crop productivity, produce quality, and soil resource sustainability. Wide-scale preventable micronutrient deficiencies in human populations originate from micronutrient-deficient soils over which staple cereals and other food crops are grown. This book summarizes R&D information on fertilizer use-based micronutrient biofortification in staple food grains to address "hidden hunger" in human populations. The book also presents the best management practices by which micronutrient deficiencies could be corrected in crop plants in a farmer-friendly manner. Features Reviews the micronutrients R&D carried out in Pakistan over the past five decades Focuses on soil–plant analysis techniques for effective prognosis and diagnosis of micronutrient disorders Presents spatial variability maps of micronutrient deficiencies in agricultural soils and crops Provides value–cost ratios of using micronutrient fertilizers for major crops Works out current use level of micronutrient fertilizers and their potential future requirements in the country Discusses agronomic biofortification approach for enriching crop-based food with micronutrients to address "hidden hunger" Presents a compelling case for enhanced use of the deficient micronutrient fertilizers to optimize crop productivity, farmer income, and national economy Presents micronutrient fertilizer use recommendations for salient crops and discusses fertilizer use for micronutrients in the context of 4R nutrient stewardship Recommends future R&D needed for optimizing micronutrient nutrition of crops
This book explains how to do' research on the early Malay doctors. A detailed account of the meaning of the word Malay' is given, in due recognition of the high status accorded to Malay Civilisation in the Malay annals and Chinese chronicles. Forty-three early Malay doctors were traced over nine years in Malaya and Singapore. The techniques deployed to trace them are explained. The sources of their biographies are described, which include interviews, narratives, family accounts, newspapers, publications, and contacting their former institutions, friends and associations. Only a brief one-page biography for each doctor is included in this book. There are 30 appendices that contain tabulated information about these doctors, information about the early schools, medical institutions and hospitals at the time. This book is a resource guide on the early Malay doctors based on present research findings. More research efforts need to be channelled to find the remaining 12 early Malay doctors.
The 13th Amendment Freedom Week Manual is a guide to establishing a yearly commemorative week that educates and celebrates the ideals of freedom. It is inclusive, not exclusive. This ‘Freedom Week’ is assembled so that all Americans (blacks, whites, etc.) can benefit from its celebration. It can also include people worldwide, not just Americans, who love freedom everywhere. It is a celebration that helps to heal racial conflict rather than divide. ‘The 13th Amendment Freedom Week’ is not a celebration to simply remember the horrors of slavery. It is a time to remember the ideas and benefits of freedom. This ‘13th Amendment Freedom Week Manual’ lays the foundation for the ‘13th Amendment Freedom Week Movement.’ Together they work to establish the ‘13th Amendment Freedom Week.’
In search of the purloined Apocalypse Handbook, Mycroft Holmes and Lark Adler criss-cross the United States, facing danger and intrigue at every turn. But what does the latest heist of Jesse James and his band of outlaws have to do with their quest? What secrets is Lark hiding in her past? And what traumas and triumphs have shaped Mycroft into the man he is today?
Redemptive Son is a heartbreaking book that chronicles the aspirations of a young man thirsty to share his story, compassion and experiences with humanity. This book is thought provoking and at times painful but a glimpse into the mind of an author committed to saving lives even his own. We often find our lives chaotic, disorganized and bitter because circumstances have beset us. However, redemptive son helps many by offering advice, and ways on how to confront adversity and trials by embracing the future. It’s this authors hope that each reader walks away inspired, renewed and amp up for their future. Your purpose for living is greater than your struggle and Redemptive Son says yes you’re great!! “If ever there was one who understands the plight of society in the urban community, especially our black male, Abdul is such. A story of love, loss, and amazing testimony of redemptive power; He truly is the redemptive son. The deeper you get into the story, you see a boy grow into a man.” Towanda McEachern, Author of “A Life Recycled”
Seismic Imaging Methods and Application for Oil and Gas Exploration connects the legacy of field data processing and imaging with new research methods using diffractions and anisotropy in the field of geophysics. Topics covered include seismic data acquisition, seismic data processing, seismic wave modeling, high-resolution imaging, and anisotropic modeling and imaging. This book is a necessary resource for geophysicist working in the oil and gas and mineral exploration industries, as well as for students and academics in exploration geophysics. - Provides detailed methods that are used in the industry, including advice on which methods to use in specific situations - Compares classical methods with the latest technologies to improve practice and application in the real world - Includes case studies for further explanation of methods described in the book
Exam board: Pearson Edexcel Level: GCSE (9-1) Subject: History First teaching: September 2021 First exam: Summer 2022 Endorsed for Pearson Edexcel qualifications Let Justice to History - one of the most respected organisations in the teaching community - guide you through the themes, events and stories within this hugely important topic. Every page of this book is informed by meticulous research, motivated by a deep commitment to representative history and inspired by years of transformative work with students and teachers. b” Understand changes over time. b” Follow an enquiry-based approach. b” Build historical skills and knowledge. b” Bring the historic environment to life. b” Prepare for exam success. /bA dedicated chapter on Writing Better History provides step-by-step guidance for answering each question type effectively.
Many members of the challenged population are in wheelchairs or use walkers. Some have mild mental retardation, cerebral palsy, autism, bipolar disorder, cognitive disabilities, spina bifida, dyslexia, a brain injury, or behavioral issues. They make up a significant portion of the population, but not enough people have tried to understand and help them. Abdul H. Gabisi, a caregiver who has worked with intellectually and developmentally challenged individuals for twelve years, looks back at the special and heartfelt moments hes enjoyed serving themcelebrating their successes and incredible potential. Some of them have gone from institutions to assisted homes, overcoming massive challenges to enjoy a higher quality of life. Youll learn about their progress and how theyve interacted with agencies, supporters, and the general population to achieve great things. Youll also learn how residential counselors play a critical role in helping challenged individuals succeed and the role the government must play to promote meaningful reform to help the challenged population. Take a step toward embracing and supporting challenged individuals with the insights in this important work.
The divisive nature of public school policies that influence the vast majority of America’s young is tearing the country apart. W. E. B. Du Bois argued that racism produces general expectations that the hopes and aspirations of Black Americans are set before the fact by the dominant White structures. In this tradition, this book explores the history of race in the US by sketching the role of public schooling and its representative actors in breeding the Black student achievement gaps, highlighting that racism and cognitive bias corrupt students and society. Coupling Du Bois’s theoretical framework and cognitive dissonance, the book sheds light on the processes by which social and racial inequities are recycled and transmitted by ordinary and intelligible public school educators. Rather than simply define the problem, it offers a set of interventions and a schematic approach to build healthy school climates where every student is welcomed and honored.
This is the first book of its kind to offer a series of computer programming models for the practical purpose of insuring project accountability in African countries. Despite its practicality, the book is also theoretically well-grounded. By doing so, it seeks to extend the epistemological boundaries of both Computer Science and Economics. It is, therefore, useful for students and teachers in those disciplines, and for policy-makers and practitioners in the field of economic development
Paradise on Fire is the story of the struggle for national liberation of the people of Jammu and Kashmir, spearheaded by Syed Ali Shah Geelani. This political biography of Kashmir’s leading freedom fighter reveals the true horror of the Kashmir dispute, the dynamics of this historical struggle for self-determination, and Geelani’s huge contribution in leading this search for liberation.
From a Basketball Hall of Fame inductee and New York Times bestselling author, this coming-of-age story follows Chris Richards after a basketball game goes wrong and leaves him searching for answers about his brother’s strange behavior. Chris Richards has always looked up to Jax, his older brother and his parents' "golden child." Lately, though, Jax has been full of surprises. First he dropped out of law school; then he started hanging out with some shifty-looking friends. One day Jax asks Chris to recruit his best middle school teammates for a pick-up basketball game in the park. Chris doesn't think much of it until the wrong team wins and Jax goes ballistic. It turns out that Jax bet on the game, hoping to earn enough money to repay a debt to someone who doesn't forgive easily. While Chris tries to walk a thin tightrope between helping his brother and staying out of trouble, his friend Theo does some behind-the-scenes detective work to learn what Jax has been up to. The day Chris is roped into a police investigation is the day he realizes he made the wrong play.
The international community has witnessed the use of increasingly sophisticated methods to move illicit funds through the financial systems across the globe, some of which are used to finance terrorism. The continued abuse of some off-shore financial centres and the proliferation of internet banking have further increased the need for more effective detection and checks on money laundering and terrorist-financing schemes. Left unchecked, some perpetrators expand their criminal pursuits, fostering such illegal activities as corruption, drug trafficking, human trafficking, arms trafficking, smuggling and terrorism. The book focuses on, among other related matters, the relative effectiveness of Nigerian laws in curbing money laundering and terrorist financing, as well as the extent of compliance with international legal standards for combating money laundering and terrorist financing, including creating a legislative and enforcement framework for the implementation of international instruments for combating both menaces. The general conclusion is, in spite of the efforts, much is still left to be done.
Former NBA star and Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient Kareem Abdul-Jabbar explores his 50-year friendship with Coach John Wooden, one of the most enduring and meaningful relationships in sports history. When future NBA legend Kareem Abdul-Jabbar was still an 18-year-old high school basketball prospect from New York City named Lew Alcindor, he accepted a scholarship from UCLA largely on the strength of Coach John Wooden's reputation as a winner. It turned out to be the right choice, as Alcindor and his teammates won an unprecedented three NCAA championship titles. But it also marked the beginning of one of the most extraordinary and enduring friendships in the history of sports. In Coach Wooden and Me, Abdul-Jabbar reveals the inspirational story of how his bond with John Wooden evolved from a history-making coach-player mentorship into a deep and genuine friendship that transcended sports, shaped the course of both men's lives, and lasted for half a century. Coach Wooden and Me is a stirring tribute to the subtle but profound influence that Wooden had on Kareem as a player, and then as a person, as they began to share their cultural, religious, and family values while facing some of life's biggest obstacles. From his first day of practice, when the players were taught the importance of putting on their athletic socks properly; to gradually absorbing the sublime wisdom of Coach Wooden's now famous "Pyramid of Success"; to learning to cope with the ugly racism that confronted black athletes during the turbulent Civil Rights era as well as losing loved ones, Abdul-Jabbar fondly recalls how Coach Wooden's fatherly guidance not only paved the way for his unmatched professional success but also made possible a lifetime of personal fulfillment. Full of intimate, never-before-published details and delivered with the warmth and erudition of a grateful student who has learned his lessons well, Coach Wooden and Me is at once a celebration of the unique philosophical outlook of college basketball's most storied coach and a moving testament to the all-conquering power of friendship. Instant New York Times and USA Today Bestseller President Barack Obama's Favorite Book of 2017 A Boston Globe and Huffington Post Best Book of 2017 Pick
The Middle East is synonymous with internecine conflict. The mutual visceral hatred is not confined to blocks of religious groups, but flourishes with the same perniciousness within each of the three major religions of the region: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Throw into the mix American intervention, or imperialism, and the outcome is not the professed democracy propagated by the United States, but the camouflaged intention to divide. The 2003 invasion of Iraq was not only illegal under international law, but its principal architects in George W Bush and Tony Blair were guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The pretence of relying on false intelligence does not wash. Bush and Blair stand convicted by history, but not by any Tribunal. What about the guilt of the followers of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam? Can they be put on trial for crimes against humanity? When a religion professes to be the word of God, and the word of God is full of promise to His people and alienation towards non-believers, then is that God of that religion responsible for the consequences of the faith? What if that God is the same God of the three conflicting religions, each claiming ownership of land either by divine right or legal process? This is Book 1 of a legal journey, beginning with representatives of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each arguing their case for ownership of the same parcel of land before a specially convened Tribunal.
Tribological performance of sustainable composites depend upon external parameters such as interface and environmental temperature, contact pressure and behavior of contact materials at interface and so forth. This book covers sustainable composites and bio- composites in terms of proper selection of reinforcements, methods to improve the thermal and mechanical properties, techniques for uniform dispersion of the reinforcements and their tribological performance. Also, it details the testing and damage characterization methods of these sustainable composites. Features: 1. Presents fundamental knowledge of sustainable composites, including chemical composition, structural features and fabrication techniques. 2. Provides an analytical overview of the different types of characterization techniques and tribological methods. 3. Provides an extensive review on bio- composite properties and their tribological performance for biomedical application. 4. Contains extensive reviews on cutting- edge research on lightweight materials for future applications in a variety of industries and their tribological performance. 5. Provides the application of sustainable composites in various fields such as aerospace, automobile, medical etc. This book is aimed for Researchers, Professionals and Graduate students of Tribology, Composites, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Engineering.
This book presents a comparative history of slavery and the transition from slavery to free labour in Zanzibar and Mauritius, within the context of a wider comparative study of the subject in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds. Both countries are islands, with roughly the same size of area and populations, a common colonial history, and both are multicultural societies. However, despite inhabiting and using the same oceanic space, there are differences in experiences and structures which deserve to be explored. In the nineteenth century, two types of slave systems developed on the islands – while Zanzibar represented a variant of an Indian Ocean slave system, Mauritius represented a variant of the Atlantic system – yet both flourished when the world was already under the hegemony of the global capitalist mode of production. This comparison, therefore, has to be seen in the context of their specific historical conjunctures and the types of slave systems in the overall theoretical conception of modes of production within which they manifested themselves, a concept that has become unfashionable but which is still essential. The starting point of many such efforts to compare slave systems has naturally been the much-studied slavery in the Atlantic region which has been used to provide a paradigm with which to study any type of slavery anywhere in the world. However, while Mauritian slavery was 100 per cent colonial slavery, slavery in Zanzibar has been described as ‘Islamic slavery’. Both established plantation economies, although with different products, Zanzibar with cloves and Mauritius with sugar, and in both cases, the slaves faced a potential conflictual situation between former masters and slaves in the post-emancipation period.
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