The ionosphere of the Earth has been actively studied since the 1920's, following the discovery of ground radio-sounding. By means of this method results were ohtained by an international network of ionospheric stations, in particular, by the successful implementation of a number of rigorously planned international scientific research programs,'" enabling the collection of extensive experimental material on some of the most important parameters of the ionosphere - the critical freLjuencies of E-, Fl and F2-layers. Comprehensive analyses of these observation data give a fairly complete picture of the various changes taking place in the principal ionospheric layers at different points on our globe. Another important aspect of the study of the ionosphere, which has been in progress for the past three decades, is an extensive program of in situ determinations of the various physical parameters - first using rockets, and subsequently artificial satellites. The data thus obtained on the principal ionizing agent - short-wave solar radiation - and on the physical conditions prevailing in the upper atmosphere and in the ionosphere at different altitudes, allow the proposal of a self-consistent mechanism of ionosphere formation. A general outline of the theory of ionosphere formation at different altitudes is now complete. Its application to specific cases, dependent on a more accurate determination of input parameters to give solutions valid for a definite set of conditions etc., is yet to be accomplished. The use of artificial satellites in cosmic research yielded abundant scientific data.
The ionosphere of the Earth has been actively studied since the 1920's, following the discovery of ground radio-sounding. By means of this method results were ohtained by an international network of ionospheric stations, in particular, by the successful implementation of a number of rigorously planned international scientific research programs,'" enabling the collection of extensive experimental material on some of the most important parameters of the ionosphere - the critical freLjuencies of E-, Fl and F2-layers. Comprehensive analyses of these observation data give a fairly complete picture of the various changes taking place in the principal ionospheric layers at different points on our globe. Another important aspect of the study of the ionosphere, which has been in progress for the past three decades, is an extensive program of in situ determinations of the various physical parameters - first using rockets, and subsequently artificial satellites. The data thus obtained on the principal ionizing agent - short-wave solar radiation - and on the physical conditions prevailing in the upper atmosphere and in the ionosphere at different altitudes, allow the proposal of a self-consistent mechanism of ionosphere formation. A general outline of the theory of ionosphere formation at different altitudes is now complete. Its application to specific cases, dependent on a more accurate determination of input parameters to give solutions valid for a definite set of conditions etc., is yet to be accomplished. The use of artificial satellites in cosmic research yielded abundant scientific data.
This new approach to insect modeling discusses population dynamics' regularities, control theory, theory of transitions, and describes methods of population dynamics and outbreaks modeling for forest phyllophagous insects and their effects on global climate change. Research in insect population dynamics is important for more reasons than just protecting forest communities. Insect populations are among the main ecological units included in the analysis of stability of ecological systems. Moreover, it is convenient to test new methods of analyzing population and community stability on the insect-related data, as by now ecologists and entomologists have accumulated large amounts of such data. In this book, the authors analyze population dynamics of quite a narrow group of insects – forest defoliators. It is hoped that the methods proposed herein for the analysis of population dynamics of these species may be useful and effective for analyzing population dynamics of other animal species and their effects and role in global warming. What can insects tell us about our environment and our ever-changing climate? It is through studies like this one that these important answers can be obtained, along with data on the insects and their behaviors themselves. The authors present new theories on modeling and data accumulation, using cutting-edge processes never before published for such a wide audience. This volume presents the state-of-the-art in the science, and it is an essential piece of any entomologist's and forest engineer's library.
Heat and Mass Transfer in Capillary-Porous Bodies describes the modern theory of heat and mass transfer on the basis of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. This book provides a systematic account of the phenomena of heat and mass transfer in capillary-porous bodies. Organized into 10 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the processes of the transfer of heat and mass of a substance. This text then examines the application of the theory to the investigation of heat and mass exchange in walls and in technological processes for the manufacture of building materials. Other chapters consider the thermal properties of building materials by using the methods of the thermodynamics of mass transfer. The final chapter deals with the method of finite differences, which is applicable to the solution of problems of non-steady heat conduction. This book is a valuable resource for scientists, post-graduate students, engineers, and students in higher educational establishments for architectural engineering.
This book represents recent progress and development of the photodiodes including the fundamental reviews and the specific applications developed by the authors themselves. The key idea of this book is that it allows authors to deal with a wide range of backgrounds and research progresses in photodiode-related areas. With respect to the original collection of the book chapters, this book contains several improvements and new problems and related solutions are also discussed in the areas from fundamental physics and design to device and circuit applications. The book is intended for graduate students, engineers, and researchers who are especially interested in the area of optoelectronic device applications, including photodiodes, solar cells, CMOS image sensors, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits, etc.
This monograph presents original methods of analysis and synthesis for a wide class of control systems with required accuracy. The direct interaction between those methods and classical frequency domain methods is demonstrated as well as its importance for the investigation of automatic control systems quality. This clearly and thoughtful written book is aimed at control engineers, practitioners such as system designers or designers of automatic control devices, as well as researchers in control theory. Ensuring Control Accuracy is also a useful textbook for graduate students, carefully simplifying the understanding of the field including instructive questions at the end of each chapter.
The Tlingits, the largest Indian group in Alaska, have lived in Alaska's coastal southwestern region for centuries and first met non-Natives in 1741 during an encounter with the crew of the Russian explorer Alexei Chirikov. The volatile and complex connections between the Tlingits and their Russian neighbors, as well as British and American voyagers and traders, are the subject of this classic work, first published in Russian and now revised and updated for this English-language edition. Andrei Val'terovich Grinev bases his account on hundreds of documents from archives in Russia and the United States; he also relies on official reports, the notes of travelers, the investigations of historians and ethnographers, museum collections, atlases, illustrations, and photographs.
Translation of the Russian edition of 1988 on peculiarities of the Arabian-Nubian Shield in the Precambrian, prerift magmatism in the Red Sea Rift zone, evolution of the crust in rift forming zones.
The story of the region, told by an intrepid journalist Many dire predictions followed the collapse of the Soviet Union, but nowhere have they materialized as dramatically as in the Caucasus: insurrection, civil wars, ethnic conflicts, economic disintegration, and up to two million refugees. Moreover, in the 1990s Russia twice went to war in the Caucasus, and suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of a nation so tiny that it could fit into a single district of Moscow. What is it about the Caucasus that makes the region so restless, so unpredictable, so imbued with heroism but also with fanaticism and pain? In Highlanders, Yo'av Karny offers a better understanding of a region described as a "museum of civilizations," where breathtaking landscapes join with an astounding human diversity. Karny has spent many months among members of some of the smallest ethnic groups on earth, all of them living in the grim shadow of an unhappy empire. But his book is a journey not only to a geographic region but also to darker sides of the human soul, where courage vies with senseless vindictiveness; where honor and duty require people to share the present with long-dead ancestors, some real, some imaginary; and where an ancient way of life is drawing to an end under the combined weight of modernity and intolerance.
Despite various studies carried out by scientific centres for population biology research in the USSR, many findings remain unknown to Western scientists. This collection of reviews on population biology in the USSR, attempts to remedy the situation. The areas covered include surveys of animal population biology studies - population genetics, population ecology and ecophysiology, population ethology, population cytogenetics, and population radioecology. Also explored are the population biology of amphibians and invertebrates, the population biology of the lower taxa - plants, protists, and microorganisms, and some general problems of population biology.
This book presents more than 100 papers devoted to the understanding of fission processes and neutron-rich nuclei. All forms of fission, from spontaneous fission of 252Cf to high-energy fragmentation, are included. Together with studies on properties of neutron-rich nuclei and astrophysics, the book also features new experimental techniques, directions and the emerging new radioactive beam facilities.
The Proceedings include talks given at the 4th Workshop on Exclusive Reactions at High Momentum Transfer at Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA, USA, the world''s leading facility performing research on nuclear, hadronic and quark-gluon structure of matter. Exclusive reactions are becoming one of the major sources of information about the deep structure of the nucleons and other hadrons. The workshop focused on the application of a variety of exclusive reactions at high momentum transfer, utilizing unpolarized and polarized beams and targets, to obtain information about nucleon ground state and excited state structure at short distances. This is a subject which is central to the programs of current accelerators and especially planned future facilities. The topics include: generalized parton distributions, deeply virtual Compton scattering, deeply virtual meson production (DVMP), transverse structure of hadrons (TMD), hadron form factors - elastic and transition, quantum chromodynamics (perturbative, non-perturbative, lattice calculations), and physics to study at an Electron Ion Collider.
This book covers major areas of modern Colloid and Surface Science (in some countries also referred to as Colloid Chemistry) which is a broad area at the intersection of Chemistry, Physics, Biology and Material Science investigating the disperse state of matter and surface phenomena in disperse systems. The book arises of and summarizes the progress made at the Colloid Chemistry Division of the Chemistry Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU) over many years of scientific, pedagogical and methodological work. Throughout the book the presentation of fundamental theoretical and experimental approaches and results is combined with discussion of general scientific basis of their role in nature and applications in various technological processes.
This book is devoted to the investigation of the strongly interacting hadrons - to a quark model operating with effective color particles, constituent quarks, massive effective gluons and diquarks. The study of strong interactions based on effective constituent particles requires a solid ground of experimental data, which we now have at our disposal with the serious progress made in the investigation of hadrons, especially meson states.
The most important aspects of modern surface science are covered. All topics are presented in a concise and clear form accessible to a beginner. At the same time, the coverage is comprehensive and at a high technical level, with emphasis on the fundamental physical principles. Numerous examples, references, practice exercises, and problems complement this remarkably complete treatment, which will also serve as an excellent reference for researchers and practitioners. The textbook is idea for students in engineering and physical sciences.
Hydrodynamics, Mass and Heat Transfer in Chemical Engineering contains a concise and systematic exposition of fundamental problems of hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer, and physicochemical hydrodynamics, which constitute the theoretical basis of chemical engineering in science. Areas covered include: fluid flows; processes of chemical engineeri
This book, with a special chapter on the problem of oil origin and the formation of hydrocarbon fields, is an in-depth study of this complex area of research. It analyzes local and regional regularities in the formation of deep fluids in petroliferous basins.
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