Latin is often described as a free word order language, but in general each word order encodes a particular information structure: in that sense, each word order has a different meaning. Pragmatics for Latin provides a descriptive analysis of Latin information structure based on detailed philological evidence and elaborates a syntax-pragmatics interface that formalizes the informational content of the various different word orders. Using a slightly adjusted version of the structured meanings theory, the book shows how the pragmatic meanings matching the different word orders arise naturally and spontaneously out of the compositional process as an integral part of a single semantic derivation covering denotational and informational meaning at one and the same time.
Combining the rich empirical documentation of traditional philological approaches with the deeper theoretical insight of modern linguistics, this work aims to reduce the intricate surface patterns of Latin word order to a simple and general cross-categorical system of syntactic structure which translates into constituents of pragmatic and semantic meaning." "The book will be useful for advanced students and scholars in the fields of linguistics, Latin, and classics."--Jacket.
The reconstruction of the prosody of a dead language is, on the face of it, an almost impossible undertaking. However, once a general theory of prosody has been developed from eliable data in living languages, it is possible to exploit texts as sources of answers to questions that would normally be answered in the laboratory. In this work, the authors interpret the evidence of Greek verse texts and musical settings in the framework of a theory of prosody based on crosslinguistic evidence and experimental phonetic and psycholinguistic data, and reconstruct the syllable structure, rhythm, accent, phrasing, and intonation of classical Greek speech. Sophisticated statistical analyses are employed to support an impressive range of new findings which relate not only to phonetics and phonology, but also to pragmatics and the syntax-phonology interface.
The interface between syntax and meaning, both semantic and pragmatic, has emerged as perhaps the richest and most fascinating area of current linguistics theory. This study applies some of these ideas to hyperbaton, offering an original new theory with broad applications for our understanding of Greek syntax. Students of epic will find a fresh perspective on orality in Homer while the general classicist will discover a more precise and explicit framework for the analysis of textual meaning in literary research.
A striking feature of Latin elegiac verse is its very free word order. One gets the impression that the word order is just random or that the rules of Latin syntax have been suspended for metrical convenience. Combining ample philological documentation with an overall theoretical stance, this book argues that these impressions are wrong and proceeds to analyze the syntax of Latin verse as a coherent system generated by the application of a small set of derivational rules. While these rules are independently available syntactic mechanisms like scrambling, stranding and verb raising, their systematically regular application both at the clausal and at the phrasal level is remarkable. Not only complete constituents but also partial constituents are constantly attracted towards the left edge of the phrase that contains them. The cumulative effect of this is to narrow the extent and attenuate the weight of the nuclear assertion, which reduces its processing domain and the span of its prosodic correlate. This book will be of interest both to Classicists and to linguists: it aims to solve an old problem in Classical philology, while at the same time working out a configurational syntax for a language with extreme free word order.
The reconstruction of the prosody of a dead language is, on the face of it, an almost impossible undertaking. However, once a general theory of prosody has been developed from reliable data in living languages, it is possible to exploit texts as sources of answers to questions that would normally be answered in the laboratory. In this work, the authors interpret the evidence of Greek verse texts and musical settings in the framework of a theory of prosody based on crosslinguistic evidence and experimental phonetic and psycholinguistic data, and reconstruct the syllable structure, rhythm, accent, phrasing, and intonation of classical Greek speech. Sophisticated statistical analyses are employed to support an impressive range of new findings which relate not only to phonetics and phonology, but also to pragmatics and the syntax-phonology interface.
The Advances in Meat Research series has arisen from a perceived need for a comprehensive coverage of certain topics that are pertinent to meat and meat products. We, the editors, have made the decision to concentrate on a series of related topics that are deemed to be impor tant to an understanding of meat, both fresh and processed. It is our sincere hope that by focusing upon areas related to meat science that researchers who contribute to this volume can not only update those involved in academia and industry but also promulgate facts that may lead to solutions of meat industry problems and aid in improving the efficiency of various associated industrial processes. We have chosen to devote Volume 1 to electrical stimulation in view of the widespread interest in its meat industry applications. Although the classical study by A. Harsham and Fred Deatherage was published in 1951, it was not accepted by the meat industry owing to a number of factors that are discussed in the text. These investigators did, however, lay the groundwork for modern electrical stimulation of carcasses by their detailed studies on the effects of varying current, voltage, fre quency, wave forms, and time. The basic information provided by these workers saved a great amount of experimentation by those who subse quently "rediscovered" electrical stimulation.
It has been said that a psychiatrist's mind is like a doctor's handwriting. In my first English book, Parivarthana (the change), I have made a mention about "Shrink". I am of the opinion that a psychiatrist would remain shrunk unless he does not come out from the western ideas and goes nearer to the eastern mysticism. De knotting Kagga (knot) of late Dr. D V Gundappa (a well-known author in Kannada literature) would require patience and knowledge, so also we need patience and knowledge to understand our complex life. Intellectual living does not assist man. Simplicity holds the key to rein on life. The pulse of living is directly proportional to the proper representation of life attributes. After all, life attributes are the subtle connectors of different lives with infinite objects of universe. Though my topics are not fiction, they are meant to provoke our thoughts along religious lines, our bygone philosophy, my own thoughts, my spiritual inventions and practices, the present day society and its psycho-social issues, the cosmic phenomenon, the current political scenarios, the life engineering programs and the works on neuro-spiritual interfaces (mind–matter interface).
Discussions about the Upanishath without understanding its essence are irrelevant; in such a situation, it is better to avoid talking on this subject. Upanishath is a vast subject. I chose a topic in Upanishath that suits a psychiatrist well. Being a psychiatrist, I always raise my voice against the sinister plans of certain Janthar Manthar's, who have sowed the seeds of evil in the minds of innocent people in our society, in managing psychiatric disorders. The mental disorders have been viewed from ages as not diseases but as possessive disorders. Hence, cure would be from God's powers to the inhuman sorcery and black magic. Munduka Upanishathis one chapter in the Upanishath; in its description, I found no such powers like obeisance, obedience and obligation in the form of Yagna. It says burning Ajnana alone offers Jnana. Ancient teaching is to meditate with closed eyes. I have observed no logic in this. Meditating with closed eyes is Jada Samadhi; doing the same with open eyes is Samadhi. I tried Open Meditation in my practice and I found it to be practical.
Today man is nefarious for two reasons. One is due to lack of insight and another in want of enlightenment. If by chance there is a change in him, immoralities turn into morality and his miseries change to mysticism. Both morality and mysticism would take us to mystique world. Empirically insight would be a near possibility than enlightenment. Though these two characters are theoretically valued, present changing values have made both values less valuable. From beginning of my profession, to think on these lines was mere impossible for the obsessions of self-sustenance I had possessed. Days progressed, obsessions reduced and being less busy and with more time made me to read and know the ancient knowledge. Rather than talking irrelevant things, spending time in club, sipping alcohol and for my bad feelings, I thought of reading some books of ancient history, and narrated certain concepts from these scriptures in my own way. Of late, I felt 'spirituality' is a cliché of the present decade doing ripples among the young and old. In these circumstances, I did ponder about psycho-pharmacological practice that would really help my psychiatric patients without the spirituality. With these thoughts, I defined 'spirituality' from the available 'spirit' in the market.
Although Latinos are now the largest non-majority group in the United States, existing research on white attitudes toward Latinos has focused almost exclusively on attitudes toward immigration. This book changes that. It argues that such accounts fundamentally underestimate the political power of whites' animus toward Latinos and thus miss how conflict extends well beyond immigration to issues such as voting rights, criminal punishment, policing, and which candidates to support. Providing historical and cultural context and drawing on rich survey and experimental evidence, the authors show that Latino racism-ethnicism is a coherent belief system about Latinos that is conceptually and empirically distinct from other forms of out-group hostility, and from partisanship and ideology. Moreover, animus toward Latinos has become a powerful force in contemporary American politics, shaping white public opinion in elections and across a number of important issue areas - and resulting in policies that harm Latinos disproportionately.
The English revolution is one of the most intensely-debated events in history; parallel events in Scotland have never attracted the same degree of interest. Rethinking the Scottish Revolution argues for a new interpretation of the seventeenth-century Scottish revolution that goes beyond questions about its radicalism, and reconsiders its place within an overarching 'British' narrative. In this volume, Laura Stewart analyses how interactions between print and manuscript polemic, crowds, and political performances enabled protestors against a Prayer Book to destroy Charles I's Scottish government. Particular attention is given to the way in which debate in Scotland was affected by the emergence of London as a major publishing centre. The subscription of the 1638 National Covenant occurred within this context and further politicized subordinate social groups that included women. Unlike in England, however, public debate was contained. A remodelled constitution revivified the institutions of civil and ecclesiastical governance, enabling Covenanted Scotland to pursue interventionist policies in Ireland and England - albeit at terrible cost to the Scottish people. War transformed the nature of state power in Scotland, but this achievement was contentious and fragile. A key weakness lay in the separation of ecclesiastical and civil authority, which justified for some a strictly conditional understanding of obedience to temporal authority. Rethinking the Scottish Revolution explores challenges to legitimacy of the Covenanted constitution, but qualifies the idea that Scotland was set on a course to destruction as a result. Covenanted government was overthrown by the new model army in 1651, but its ideals persisted. In Scotland as well as England, the language of liberty, true religion, and the public interest had justified resistance to Charles I. The Scottish revolution embedded a distinctive and durable political culture that ultimately proved resistant to assimilation into the nascent British state.
‘Adult Reactions to Popular Music and Inter-generational Relations in Britain, 1955–1975’ challenges stereotypes concerning a post-war ‘generation gap’, exacerbated by rebellion-inducing popular music styles, by demonstrating the considerable variety which frequently characterized adult responses to the music, whilst also highlighting that the impact of the music on inter-generational relations was more complex than is often assumed. [NP] Utilizing extensive primary evidence, from first-person accounts to newspapers, television programmes, surveys and archive collections, the book adopts a thematic approach, identifying three key arenas of British society in which adult responses to popular music, and the impact of such reactions upon relations between generations, seem particularly revealing and significant. The book examines in detail the place of popular music within family life and Christian churches and their engagement with popular music, particularly within youth clubs. It also explores ‘encounters’ between the worlds of traditional Variety entertainment and popular music while providing broader perspectives on this most dynamic and turbulent of periods.
The central theme for this volume was chosen since consumers have great interest in purchasing low fat, low salt and reduced cholesterol meat, poultry and fish products. As in past volumes, experts in the field have been chosen to write chapters with emphasis on their breadth of knowl edge in each specific area. Efforts were also made to obtain authors from different countries in order to give the book a worldwide perspective. Chapter I stresses the nutritional and sensory properties that meat, poultry and fish products make to healthful diets and discusses consumer concerns about these products. Chapter 2 covers dietary recommendations in major consumer nations, along with data from food composition tables and the dietary contributions of meat, poultry and fish to meeting dietary needs. Chapter 3 discusses the labeling of low and reduced fat/salt prod ucts which, although written mainly from the US viewpoint, may serve as a model for labeling in other countries. Chapter 4 reviews the rationale for reducing fat-energy levels in muscle foods, problems encountered in their production and how these may be solved. Chapter 5 discusses the scientific basis for reducing the salt (sodium) content in food products and the health benefits derived from lowering salt intake. Methods of reducing the cholesterol content of these animal products is reviewed in Chapter 6.
The subject of sparse matrices has its root in such diverse fields as management science, power systems analysis, surveying, circuit theory, and structural analysis. Efficient use of sparsity is a key to solving large problems in many fields. This book provides both insight and answers for those attempting to solve these problems.
‘Adult Reactions to Popular Music and Inter-generational Relations in Britain, 1955–1975’ challenges stereotypes concerning a post-war ‘generation gap’, exacerbated by rebellion-inducing popular music styles, by demonstrating the considerable variety which frequently characterized adult responses to the music, whilst also highlighting that the impact of the music on inter-generational relations was more complex than is often assumed. [NP] Utilizing extensive primary evidence, from first-person accounts to newspapers, television programmes, surveys and archive collections, the book adopts a thematic approach, identifying three key arenas of British society in which adult responses to popular music, and the impact of such reactions upon relations between generations, seem particularly revealing and significant. The book examines in detail the place of popular music within family life and Christian churches and their engagement with popular music, particularly within youth clubs. It also explores ‘encounters’ between the worlds of traditional Variety entertainment and popular music while providing broader perspectives on this most dynamic and turbulent of periods.
This innovative two-volume handbook provides a comprehensive exploration of the major developments of social psychological theories that have taken place over the past half century, culminating in a state of the art overview of the primary theories and models that have been developed in this vast and fascinating field. Authored by leading international experts, each chapter represents a personal and historical narrative of the theory's development including the inspirations, critical junctures, and problem-solving efforts that have effected the choices made in each theory's evolution as well as the impact each has had on the canon of social psychology. Unique to this handbook, these narratives provide a rich background for understanding how theories are created more generally; how they're nurtured and shaped over time: and how through examination we can better understand their unique contribution to society as a whole. The Handbook also illustrates how the various theories contribute to understanding and solving critical social issues and problems. The Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology is an essential resource for researchers and students of social psychology and related disciplines.
The International Society of Chemotherapy meets every two years to review progress in chemotherapy of infections and of malignant disease. Each meeting gets larger to encompass the extension of chemotherapy into new areas. In some instances, expansion has been rapid, for example in cephalosporins, pen icillins and combination chemotherapy of cancer - in others slow, as in the field of parasitology. New problems of resistance and untoward effects arise; reduction of host toxicity without loss of antitumour activity by new substances occupies wide attention. The improved results with cancer chemotherapy, es pecially in leukaemias, are leading to a greater prevalence of severe infection in patients so treated, pharmacokinetics of drugs in normal and diseased subjects is receiving increasing attention along with related problems of bioavailability and interactions between drugs. Meanwhile the attack on some of the major bacterial infections, such as gonorrhoea and tubercu losis, which were among the first infections to feel the impact of chemotherapy, still continue to be major world problems and are now under attack with new agents and new methods. From this wide field and the 1,000 papers read at the Congress we have produced Proceedings which reflect the variety and vigour of research in this important field of medicine. It was not possible to include all of the papers presented at the Congress but we have attempted to include most aspects of cur rent progress in chemotherapy.
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