This self-contained text introduces readers to the field of high-energy atomic physics - a new regime of photon-atom interactions in which the photon energies significantly exceed the atomic or molecular binding energies, and which opened up with the recent advent of new synchrotron sources. From a theoretical point of view, a small-parameter characteristic of the bound system emerged, making it possible to perform analytic perturbative calculations that can in turn serve as benchmarks for more powerful numerical computations. The first part of the book introduces readers to the foundations of this new regime and its theoretical treatment. In particular, the validity of the small-parameter perturbation expansion and of the lowest-order approximation is critically reviewed. The following chapters then apply these insights to various atomic processes, such as photoionization as a many-body problem, dominant mechanisms for the production of ions at higher energies, Compton scattering and ionization accompanied by creation of e-e+ pairs, and the photoionization of endohedral atoms (e.g. fullerene). Last but not least, the computationally challenging transitions in the electron shell during certain types of nuclear decays are investigated in detail.
This proceedings volume is devoted to a wide variety of items, both in theory and experiment, of particle physics such as tests of the Standard Model and beyond, physics at the future accelerators, neutrino and astroparticle physics, heavy quark physics, non-perturbative QCD, quantum gravity effects and cosmology. It is important that the papers in this volume reveal the present status and new developments in the above-mentioned items on the eve of a new era that starts with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).
This reference is dedicated to the problem of time-temperature stability of amorphous (non-crystalline) metal alloys with strongly nonequilibrium structure and unique physical and mechanical properties that are obtained by quenching from the melt at a rate that exceeds one millions of degrees c.o.s. second. As a stability test, the behavior of the plasticity of amorphous alloys is studied. The book examines the fundamental characteristics of amorphous alloys, the basic laws of structural relaxation, generalized information about the phenomenon of the ductile-brittle transition (temper embrittlement), the development of physically justified methods of predicting the stability of the properties, and provides information about the attempts of controlling the structure for the purpose of suppressing or deceleration of the ductile-brittle transition and, as a consequence, increasing the temperature and temporal stability of the amorphous state.
This book is devoted to nonlocal theory of nonlinear oscillations. The frequency methods of investigating problems of cycle existence in multidimensional analogues of Van der Pol equation, in dynamical systems with cylindrical phase space and dynamical systems satisfying Routh-Hurwitz generalized conditions are systematically presented here for the first time. To solve these problems methods of Poincaré map construction, frequency methods, synthesis of Lyapunov direct methods and bifurcation theory elements are applied. V.M. Popov's method is employed for obtaining frequency criteria, which estimate period of oscillations. Also, an approach to investigate the stability of cycles based on the ideas of Zhukovsky, Borg, Hartmann, and Olech is presented, and the effects appearing when bounded trajectories are unstable are discussed. For chaotic oscillations theorems on localizations of attractors are given. The upper estimates of Hausdorff measure and dimension of attractors generalizing Doudy-Oesterle and Smith theorems are obtained, illustrated by the example of a Lorenz system and its different generalizations. The analytical apparatus developed in the book is applied to the analysis of oscillation of various control systems, pendulum-like systems and those of synchronization. Audience: This volume will be of interest to those whose work involves Fourier analysis, global analysis, and analysis on manifolds, as well as mathematics of physics and mechanics in general. A background in linear algebra and differential equations is assumed.
The theory of travelling waves described by parabolic equations and systems is a rapidly developing branch of modern mathematics. This book presents a general picture of current results about wave solutions of parabolic systems, their existence, stability, and bifurcations. With introductory material accessible to non-mathematicians and a nearly complete bibliography of about 500 references, this book is an excellent resource on the subject.
The authors, leading representatives of Russian space research and industry, show the results and future prospects of astronautics at the start of the third millennium. The focus is on the development of astronautics in Russia in the new historical and economic conditions. The text spotlights the basic trends in space related issues before moving on to describe the possibilities of the wide use of space technologies and its numerous applications such as navigation and communication, space manufacturing, and space biotechnology. The book contains a large amount of facts described in a way understandable without specialist knowledge. The text is accompanied by many photographs, charts and diagrams, mostly in color.
This book focuses on the aircraft designs of the man often referred to as the father of Russian aviation, Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev. Born in Russia in 1888, Tupolev went on to design aircraft that earned Russia worldwide acclaim for their contributions to aviation in the 1920s, '30s, and '40s.
Investigation of vortex wakes behind various aircraft, especially behind wide bodied and heavy cargo ones, is of both scientific and practical in terest. The vortex wakes shed from the wing’s trailing edge are long lived and attenuate only atdistances of10–12kmbehindthe wake generating aircraft. The encounter of other aircraft with the vortex wake of a heavy aircraft is open to catastrophic hazards. For example, air refueling is adangerous operationpartly due to thepossibility of the receiver aircraft’s encountering the trailing wake of the tanker aircraft. It is very important to know the behavior of vortex wakes of aircraft during theirtakeoff andlanding operations whenthe wakes canpropagate over the airport’s ground surface and be a serious hazard to other depart ing or arriving aircraft. This knowledge can help in enhancing safety of aircraft’s movements in the terminal areas of congested airports where the threat of vortex encounters limits passenger throughput. Theoreticalinvestigations of aircraft vortex wakes arebeingintensively performedinthe major aviationnations.Usedforthispurpose are various methods for mathematical modeling of turbulent flows: direct numerical simulation based on the Navier–Stokes equations, large eddy simulation using the Navier–Stokes equations in combination with subrigid scale modeling, simulation based on the Reynolds equations closed with a differential turbulence model. These approaches are widely used in works of Russian and other countries’ scientists. It should be emphasized that the experiments in wind tunnels and studies of natural vortex wakes behind heavy and light aircraft in flight experiments are equally important.
This is the first book on physicochemical hydrodynamics that is devoted to capillary systems (surface layers, drops, films, jets, etc.) whose flow is greatly influenced by surface phenomena. Two- and three-dimensional hydrodynamics and rheology are formulated, as well as the kinetics and dynamics of surfactant adsorption in capillary systems. A new approach is elaborated for describing the most complicated capillary systems, like foams and polyhedral emulsions, as continuous media. The stability of disperse structures and the influence of gravity are also analysed. Although the book is purely theoretical, many consequences of practical importance are obtained. It will be of interest to university lecturers and postgraduates in colloid and surface science, as well as researchers and engineers dealing with capillary systems.
Friction and Wear in Polymer-Based Materials discusses friction and wear problems in polymer-based materials. The book is organized into three parts. The chapters in Part I cover the basic laws of friction and wear in polymer-based materials. Topics covered include frictional interaction during metal-polymer contact and the influence of operating conditions on wear in polymers. The chapters in Part II discuss the structure and frictional properties of polymer-based materials; the mechanism of frictional transfer when a polymer comes into contact with polymers, metals, and other materials; and controlling the frictional properties of polymer materials. Part III is devoted to applications of polymer-based materials in friction assemblies. It covers composite self-lubricating materials and polymer materials for complexly loaded main friction assemblies. This work may prove useful to specialists interested in the problems of using polymer materials. It also aims to stimulate deeper research into the field of friction and wear in polymer-based materials.
These proceedings are devoted to a wide variety of both theoretical and experimental areas in particle physics. The topics include physics at accelerators and studies of Standard Model and Beyond, neutrino and astroparticle physics, cosmology, CP Violation and rare decays, hadron physics, and new developments in quantum field theory. The papers of the volume reveal the present status and new development in the above mentioned items. In particular, the first results on measurement of LHC pp collision events are also reported.
This volume of proceedings deals with a wide variety of topics OCo both in theory and in experiment OCo in particle physics, such as electroweak theory, tests of the Standard Model and beyond, heavy quark physics, nonperturbative QCD, neutrino physics, astroparticle physics, quantum gravity effects, and physics at the future accelerators.
Waves and Structures in Nonlinear Nondispersive Media: General Theory and Applications to Nonlinear Acoustics” is devoted completely to nonlinear structures. The general theory is given here in parallel with mathematical models. Many concrete examples illustrate the general analysis of Part I. Part II is devoted to applications to nonlinear acoustics, including specific nonlinear models and exact solutions, physical mechanisms of nonlinearity, sawtooth-shaped wave propagation, self-action phenomena, nonlinear resonances and engineering application (medicine, nondestructive testing, geophysics, etc.). This book is designed for graduate and postgraduate students studying the theory of nonlinear waves of various physical nature. It may also be useful as a handbook for engineers and researchers who encounter the necessity of taking nonlinear wave effects into account of their work. Dr. Gurbatov S.N. is the head of Department, and Vice Rector for Research of Nizhny Novgorod State University. Dr. Rudenko O.V. is the Full member of Russian Academy of Sciences, the head of Department at Moscow University and Professor at BTH (Sweden). Dr. Saichev A.I. is the Professor at the Faculty of Radiophysics of Nizhny Novgorod State University, Professor of ETH Zürich.
This proceedings volume deals with a wide variety of topics in particle physics, in both theory and experiment. Contents: On the Fundamental Symmetries in Particle Physics (E Shabalin); Chiral Symmetry in Lattice QCD (A Slavnov); Two-Photon Physics at LEP (G Passaleva); Color Reconnection and Bose-Einstein Correlations at LEP2 (Th Ziegler); A NLO QCD Analysis of the Spin Structure Function g 1 and Higher Twist Correlations (E Leader et al.); Heavy Quark Asymmetries (A Tricomi); Experimental Signature of a Fermiophobic Higgs Boson (L Brecher & R Santos); The AMS Experiment: First Results and Physics Prospects (J P Vialle); Neutrino Conversions in Active Galactic Nuclei (A Husain); Lepton Production by Neutrinos in an External Electromagnetic Field (A Borisov & N Zamorin); Mixing and CP Violation with Quasidegenerate Majorana Neutrinos (G Branko et al.); Solar Neutrino Oscillations in Extensions of the Standard Model (O Boyarkin); Covariant Treatment of Neutrino Spin (Flavour) Conversion in Matter Under the Influence of Electromagnetic Fields (M Dvornikov et al.); Pulsar Velocity Puzzle and Nonstandard Neutrino Oscillations (R Horvat); Kinematic Projecting of Pulsar Profiles (V Bordovitsyn et al.); Late Gravitational Collapse, Quantum Miniholes and the Birth of a New Universe (M Fil''chenkov); On Adelic Strings (B Dragovich); Collider Searches for TeV Scale Quantum Gravity with Compact Extra Dimensions (P Azzurri); and other papers. Readership: High energy physicists and astrophysicists.
A non-linear wave is one of the fundamental objects of nature. They are inherent to aerodynamics and hydrodynamics, solid state physics and plasma physics, optics and field theory, chemistry reaction kinetics and population dynamics, nuclear physics and gravity. All non-linear waves can be divided into two parts: dispersive waves and dissipative ones. The history of investigation of these waves has been lasting about two centuries. In 1834 J. S. Russell discovered the extraordinary type of waves without the dispersive broadening. In 1965 N. J. Zabusky and M. D. Kruskal found that the Korteweg-de Vries equation has solutions of the solitary wave form. This solitary wave demonstrates the particle-like properties, i. e. , stability under propagation and the elastic interaction under collision of the solitary waves. These waves were named solitons. In succeeding years there has been a great deal of progress in understanding of soliton nature. Now solitons have become the primary components in many important problems of nonlinear wave dynamics. It should be noted that non-linear optics is the field, where all soliton features are exhibited to a great extent. This book had been designed as the tutorial to the theory of non-linear waves in optics. The first version was projected as the book covering all the problems in this field, both analytical and numerical methods, and results as well. However, it became evident in the process of work that this was not a real task.
In its classical sense "epigenesis" refers to all geological processes originating at or near the surface of the earth. It thus embraces all those phenomena which we associate with the land scape; Perel'man has already written extensively on this subject. The landscape, in the physical sense, is controlled by the interac tion of exogenic and endogenic agencies-on the one hand, the atmo sphere, the wind, the rain, and other components of the weather, the forces of running water and the planetary controls of gravitational and tidal nature; and on the other hand the materials of the earth's crust, from sediments to metamorphic rocks and igneous materials from deep endogenic sources. In practical terms the epigene region involves the products of weathering, the soils, the transported material, the colluvium of hillsides, and the alluvium of stream valleys. It involves those landforms that are products of the erosional sculpturing of the landscape, as well as those that result from accumulation, such as glacial moraines and desert sand dunes. The science of geomor phology is gradually beginning to evolve from a passive cataloging of scenery and its deduced causes (in the Davisian sense) into a vigorous study of dynamic processes. These are partly geophysical, in the sense of hydraulics and mechanical studies, and partly geo chemical.
In its classical sense "epigenesis" refers to all geological processes originating at or near the surface of the earth. It thus embraces all those phenomena which we associate with the land scape; Perel'man has already written extensively on this subject. The landscape, in the physical sense, is controlled by the interac tion of exogenic and endogenic agencies-on the one hand, the atmo sphere, the wind, the rain, and other components of the weather, the forces of running water and the planetary controls of gravitational and tidal nature; and on the other hand the materials of the earth's crust, from sediments to metamorphic rocks and igneous materials from deep endogenic sources. In practical terms the epigene region involves the products of weathering, the soils, the transported material, the colluvium of hillsides, and the alluvium of stream valleys. It involves those landforms that are products of the erosional sculpturing of the landscape, as well as those that result from accumulation, such as glacial moraines and desert sand dunes. The science of geomor phology is gradually beginning to evolve from a passive cataloging of scenery and its deduced causes (in the Davisian sense) into a vigorous study of dynamic processes. These are partly geophysical, in the sense of hydraulics and mechanical studies, and partly geo chemical.
This self-contained text introduces readers to the field of high-energy atomic physics - a new regime of photon-atom interactions in which the photon energies significantly exceed the atomic or molecular binding energies, and which opened up with the recent advent of new synchrotron sources. From a theoretical point of view, a small-parameter characteristic of the bound system emerged, making it possible to perform analytic perturbative calculations that can in turn serve as benchmarks for more powerful numerical computations. The first part of the book introduces readers to the foundations of this new regime and its theoretical treatment. In particular, the validity of the small-parameter perturbation expansion and of the lowest-order approximation is critically reviewed. The following chapters then apply these insights to various atomic processes, such as photoionization as a many-body problem, dominant mechanisms for the production of ions at higher energies, Compton scattering and ionization accompanied by creation of e-e+ pairs, and the photoionization of endohedral atoms (e.g. fullerene). Last but not least, the computationally challenging transitions in the electron shell during certain types of nuclear decays are investigated in detail.
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