Early in this century, the newly discovered x-ray diffraction by crystals made a complete change in crystallography and in the whole science of the atomic structure of matter, thus giving a new impetus to the development of solid-state physics. Crystallographic methods, pri marily x-ray diffraction analysis, penetrated into materials sciences, mol ecular physics, and chemistry, and also into many other branches of science. Later, electron and neutron diffraction structure analyses be came important since they not only complement x-ray data, but also supply new information on the atomic and the real structure of crystals. Electron microscopy and other modern methods of investigating mat ter-optical, electronic paramagnetic, nuclear magnetic, and other res onance techniques-yield a large amount of information on the atomic, electronic, and real crystal structures. Crystal physics has also undergone vigorous development. Many re markable phenomena have been discovered in crystals and then found various practical applications. Other important factors promoting the development of crystallog raphy were the elaboration of the theory of crystal growth (which brought crystallography closer to thermodynamics and physical chem istry) and the development of the various methods of growing synthetic crystals dictated by practical needs. Man-made crystals became increas ingly important for physical investigations, and they rapidly invaded technology. The production . of synthetic crystals made a tremendous impact on the traditional branches: the mechanical treatment of mate rials, precision instrument making, and the jewelry industry.
Includes papers on nonsmooth elliptic operators, vibro-stable differential equations, smooth ergodic flows on surfaces, projection spectra, and differential operators and their Fourier transforms
Nuclear Reactions in Heavy Elements: A Data Handbook focuses on the physical constants of the elements, the properties of isotopes, and data on radioactive decay. This book examines the methods for obtaining heavy elements. Organized into two parts encompassing nine chapters, this book begins with an overview of data on neutron cross-sections. This text then provides salient information on cross-sections of photo-reactions and of interactions of charged particles with nuclei. Other chapters consider some general characteristics of the fission process as well as the basic characteristics of spontaneous fission of heavy metals. This book discusses as well the basic characteristics of binary fission of heavy nuclei, including the energies and yields of fission elements, their distribution with regard to mass, and the range of fragments. The final chapter deals with data on various kinds of radiation accompanying the fission process. This book is a valuable resource for physicists and research workers.
The greatest reward for an author is the feeling of satisfaction he gets when it becomes clear to him that readers find his work useful. After my book appeared in the USSR in 1975 I received many letters from fellow physicists including colleagues from Western European countries and the USA. Some of those letters, as well as official reviews of the book, made specific sug gestions for improving the book. The satisfaction I derived from all those kind and warm responses gave me the determination to continue work on the book in order to fulfill these wishes in the next edition. This possibility arose when one of the scientific editors from Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, H. Latsch, who is the founder of the well-known series of quasi-monographs "Topics in Applied Physics", visited our Institute and suggested an English edition of my book. For all this, and for his subsequent help, I am sincerely thankful. I consider it my pleasant duty also to express my gratitude to the American physicist H. F. Ivey, who served as scientific editor of the trans lation. The English version of the book retains the structure of the Russian edition, though it is supplemented with many new data in the tables and figures. It reflects trends in the development of the physics and spectroscopy of laser crystals in recent years.
Blurb & Contents" This current and comprehensive treatment of the physics of small- amplitude waves in hot magnetized plasmas provides a thorough update of the author's classic Theory of Plasma Waves. New topics include quasi-linear theory, inhomogeneous plasmas, collisions, absolute and convective instability, and mode conversion. Valuable for graduates and advanced undergraduates and an indispensable reference work for researchers in plasmas, controlled fusion, and space science.
This book covers the history of lasers with nuclear pumping (Nuclear Pumped Lasers, NPLs). This book showcases the most important results and stages of NPL development in The Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF) as well as other Russian and international laboratories, including laboratories in the United States. The basic science and technology behind NPLs along with potential applications are covered throughout the book. As the first comprehensive discussion of NPLs, students, researchers, and application engineers interested in high energy lasers will find this book to be an extremely valuable source of information about these unique lasers.
Chitin presents fundamental information on chitin. The enzymatic processes controlling the synthesis and the breakdown of chitin are discussed, along with its role in the fundamental mechanism of growth, differentiation, nutrition, and movement of a large number of species. This text consists of seven chapters and begins with an overview of chitin research and the rapidly increasing interest in chitin chemistry and applications. The discussion then moves to the enzymatic synthesis of chitin and chitosan and inhibition of chitin biosynthesis, along with the physicochemical characteristics of chitin and chitosan. The chapters that follow focus on chitin chemistry, chitinases and related enzymes, applications of chitin in chromatography, and industrial production and applications of chitin. The final chapter is devoted to medical applications of chitin and its oligomers, from being artificial kidney membranes and antigens against parasites to blood anticoagulants, biodegradable pharmaceutical carriers, wound healing accelerators, and microbiological media. This book will be of interest to biochemists, physicists, industrialists, botanists, entomologists, physiologists, and other scientists in a variety of disciplines, as well as graduate students wishing to undertake research about chitin.
The translator of a mathematical work faces a task that is at once fascinating and frustrating. He has the opportunity of reading closely the work of a master mathematician. He has the duty of retaining as far as possible the flavor and spirit of the original, at the same time rendering it into a readable and idiomatic form of the language into which the translation is made. All of this is challenging. At the same time, the translator should never forget that he is not a creator, but only a mirror. His own viewpoints, his own preferences, should never lead him into altering the original, even with the best intentions. Only an occasional translator's note is permitted. The undersigned is grateful for the opportunity of translating Professor Kirillov's fine book on group representations, and hopes that it will bring to the English-reading mathematical public as much instruction and interest as it has brought to the translator. Deviations from the Russian text have been rigorously avoided, except for a number of corrections kindly supplied by Professor Kirillov. Misprints and an occasional solecism have been tacitly taken care of. The trans lation is in all essential respects faithful to the original Russian. The translator records his gratitude to Linda Sax, who typed the entire translation, to Laura Larsson, who prepared the bibliography (considerably modified from the original), and to Betty Underhill, who rendered essential assistance.
This book is unique in English as a refresher for engineers, technicians, and students who either wish to brush up their calculus or find parts of calculus unclear. It is not an ordinary textbook. It is, instead, an examination of the most important aspects of integral and differential calculus in terms of the 756 questions most likely to occur to the technical reader. It provides a very easily followed presentation and may also be used as either an introductory or supplementary textbook. The first part of this book covers simple differential calculus, with constants, variables, functions, increments, derivatives, differentiation, logarithms, curvature of curves, and similar topics. The second part covers fundamental ideas of integration (inspection, substitution, transformation, reduction) areas and volumes, mean value, successive and partial integration, double and triple integration. In all cases the author stresses practical aspects rather than theoretical, and builds upon such situations as might occur. A 50-page section illustrates the application of calculus to specific problems of civil and nautical engineering, electricity, stress and strain, elasticity, industrial engineering, and similar fields. 756 questions answered. 566 problems to measure your knowledge and improvement; answers. 36 pages of useful constants, formulae for ready reference. Index.
Even the simplest mathematical abstraction of the phenomena of reality the real line-can be regarded from different points of view by different mathematical disciplines. For example, the algebraic approach to the study of the real line involves describing its properties as a set to whose elements we can apply" operations," and obtaining an algebraic model of it on the basis of these properties, without regard for the topological properties. On the other hand, we can focus on the topology of the real line and construct a formal model of it by singling out its" continuity" as a basis for the model. Analysis regards the line, and the functions on it, in the unity of the whole system of their algebraic and topological properties, with the fundamental deductions about them obtained by using the interplay between the algebraic and topological structures. The same picture is observed at higher stages of abstraction. Algebra studies linear spaces, groups, rings, modules, and so on. Topology studies structures of a different kind on arbitrary sets, structures that give mathe matical meaning to the concepts of a limit, continuity, a neighborhood, and so on. Functional analysis takes up topological linear spaces, topological groups, normed rings, modules of representations of topological groups in topological linear spaces, and so on. Thus, the basic object of study in functional analysis consists of objects equipped with compatible algebraic and topological structures.
Probability theory forms the basis of mathematical statistics, and has applications in many related areas. This comprehensive book tackles the principal problems and advanced questions of probability theory in 21 self-contained chapters, which are presented in logical order, but are also easy to deal with individually. The book is further distinguished by the inclusion of clear and illustrative proofs of the fundamental results. Probability theory is currently an extremely active area of research internationally, and the importance of the Russian school in the development of the subject has long been recognized. The frequent references to Russian literature throughout this work lend a fresh dimension to the book, and make it an invaluable source of reference for Western researchers and advanced students in probability related subjects.
This is the first full study of how people refer to entities in natural discourse. It contributes to the understanding of both linguistic diversity and the cognitive underpinnings of language and it provides a framework for further research in both fields. Andrej Kibrik focuses on the way specific entities are mentioned in natural discourse, during which about every third word usually depends on referential choice. He considers reference as an overt representation of underlying cognitive processes and combines a theoretically-oriented cognitive approach with empirically-based cross-linguistic analysis. He begins by introducing the cognitive approach to discourse analysis and by examining the relationship between discourse studies and linguistic typology. He discusses reference as a linguistic phenomenon, in connection with the traditional notions of deixis, anaphora, givenness, and topicality, and describes the way his theoretical approach is centered on notions of referent activation in working memory. He argues that the speaker is responsible for the shape of discourse and that referential expressions should be understood as choices made by speakers rather than as puzzles to be solved by addressees. Kibrik examines the cross-linguistic aspects of reference and the typology of referential devices, including referring expressions per se, such as free and bound pronouns, and referential aids that help to tell apart the concurrently activated entities. This discussion is based on the data from about 200 languages from around the world. He then proposes a comprehensive model of referential choice, in which he draws on concepts from cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, and cognitive neuroscience, and applies this to Russian and English. He also draws together his empirical analyses in order to examine what light his analysis of discourse can shed on the way information is processed in working memory. In the final part of the book Andrej Kibrik offers a wider perspective, including deixis, referential aspects of gesticulation and signed languages. This pioneering work will interest linguists and cognitive scientists interested in discourse, reference, typology, and the operations of working memory in linguistic communication.
Synopsis by Vladimir Beregovoy Notes of an East Siberian Hunter by A. A. Cherkassov is among the oldest bestsellers in Russia, in print since 1865. This book has often been called an encyclopedia of hunting in nineteenth century East Siberia. It has been cherished and read and reread by generations of hunters and naturalists. It was my dream to share its content with the world outside Russia. I met Steve Bodio*, who is also a naturalist and a professional writer with experience in hunting and Russian literature and history. Working together, we completed its first translation into English. The book is narrated in a lively, colloquial Siberian folk dialect; we tried to preserve it as much as possible. Its content includes meticulous descriptions of hunting methods, wildlife, ways of life, customs and even superstitions common among Russian frontiersmen and the native people of East Siberia in the nineteenth Century. It will be a good reference for historians, biologists, geographers, ethnographers, hunters, linguists and serious environmentalists. V. B *Stephen Bodio, author of Eagle Dreams, On the Edge of the Wild, and Querencia among other titles-- see Amazon.com for reviews.
Deformation of Metals during Rolling discusses the ductility of metal. The book explores the implication of the theory of flat cross section. The said theory explains that flat transverse-vertical cross-sections before deformation remain flat both in the zone of deformation and after rolling. Such theory has been accepted until some research appeared that opposed the basic view in the theory of rolling. Another theory discussed is the theory of inhomogeneous deformation. The book focuses on the fundamental hypotheses of the mechanics of continuous media. It also covers topics such as the creation of model of deformation that closely resembles the real conditions of the rolling process and the determination of boundary conditions. A section in the book presents information on the degree of the deformation of metal during compression. The text can be a good reference for industrial engineers and academic students doing research on the properties of steel and iron.
Covers the design, operations, diagnostics and testing of electrical insulation in high-voltage power networks. The book presents the fundamental properties of dielectrics essential for the optimum design of power systems. It provides a survey of advanced digital and electro-optic techniques used in both the field and research.
Unique properties of laser radiation including its monochromatic properties, polarization, high spectral intensity, coherence, narrow beam divergence, the possibility of controlling the pulse duration and radiation spectrum and, finally, the fact that extremely high power and energy create very favorable conditions for the extensive application of lasers to communi cation systems, systems for the lidar sensing and ultra-high-precision ranging, navigation, remote monitoring of the environment, and many other systems operating in the atmosphere. The operative efficiency of the above systems depends significantly on the state of the atmosphere and the corresponding behavior of laser radia tion propagating through it. This circumstance has stimulated the studies of the above regularities during the passt 10-15 years. For the investiga tions to be carried out the scientists were forced to develop new theories and methods for studying the problem experimentally. Moreover, during such investigations some previously unknown phenomena were observed, among them the nonlinear effects accompanying high-power laser radiation propagating through the atmosphere are of paramount importance. Among the nonlinear effects caused by high-power laser radiation inter action with the atmosphere, the effects accompanying the propagation of high-power radiation through the atmospheric aerosols are of particular interest. Aerosols always occur in the atmosphere. It should be noted that the microphysical and optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols vary widely, this fact causes a great variety in the features of their inter action with radiation.
The Growth of Crystals series was begun in 1957 by A. V. Shubnikov and . N. N. SheftaP with the publication of the first volume. which contained the proceedings of the First All-Union Conference on Crystal Growth. The initiative and considerable efforts of the principal editor of the entire series. N. N. Sheftal', and his assistants led over the next 15 years to the publica tion of ten volumes which have assumed a leading position among the numerous books on crys tal growth. It has become traditional in this series to adopt a broad approach to crystal growth problems, and this approach is continued in Volumes 11 and 12, which are composed mainly of papers presented at the Fourth All-Union Conference on Crystal Growth in Tsakhkadzor. September 17-22, 1972. These papers, presented by both Soviet and foreign workers, deal with crystal growth processes. growth methods. and crystal perfection. Many of the papers reflect the tendency for our knowledge of crystallization processes to become increasingly more fundamental. with emphaSis on quantitative treatments. There are some extremely difficult problems in this approach. especially when the requirements of practical uses are envisaged. and many of these are discussed in various ways in these two volumes. These topics include detailed theoretical and experimental analysis of cooperative phenomena in crystallization. with emphasis not only on statistical thermodynamics but also statistical kinetics. This approach involves research on the structure and properties of phase boundaries. including the composition and structure of surface layers in liquids.
Processes of Formation of Micro- and Nanodispersed Systems is a comprehensive analysis and presentation of the physical processes and phenomena that lead to the formation of disperse materials. It also details the properties of disperse materials yielded from various processes.Special attention is given to the homogeneous condensation of metal vapo
The physical properties of water and steam have been the subject of lhorough investigation for a long time. It can, on the one hand, be due to the important role of this substance in the processes that take place in nature and, on the .other hand, due to its wide industrial use. Steam is the most important working substance used in conventional and nuc lear power plants, in chemical engineering and other fields of industry. The variety of practical use of water and steam generates a need for knowing their thermodynamic, transport, electrical, and other properties over a ·very wide range of temperatures and pressures. International Conferences on the Properties of Steam, which have taken place since 1929, have the aim to promote wide exchange of the results of theoretical and experimental studies into the properties of ordinary and heavy water in a11 phase states. In the course of last decade f.he investigation oC physical and chemical properties of concentrated and dilute aqueous solutions that are of interest in the first place from the point of view of power play an important part in these studies.
The manuscript tackles one of the most interesting branches of plasma phys ics, the electrodynamics of the plasma. 99% of matter in the universe occur in the plasma state, - e. g. , stars, gaseous nebulae, interstellar gas. The plasma also widely occurs on earth. Thus, the ionosphere protects human beings from the destroying effects of the solar radiation and provides the long distance radio communication. Plasmas also show up in metals and semicon ductors, and it is difficult to overestimate their importance in our everyday life. But even more important is that the power engineering of the future is connected with plasmas since the plasma is the fuel for thermonuclear reca tions and a practically unlimited source of energy harmless to the environ ment. For the description of a hot plasma a unique logically complete and consistent theoretical model has been developed on the basis of the Maxwell Vlasov equations. We tried to carry this idea through the entire text, which aims to present an orderly exposition of electromagnetic properties of the plasma within the Maxwell-Vlasov model. Both linear and nonlinear elec trodynamics of the plasma are presented. The first part (Chap. 1-5) deals with the linear electromagnetic properties of the plasma in thermodynamic equilibrium. The basic equations of the Maxwell-Vlasov model are introduced and the properties of the plasma in equilibrium are studied in the linear approximation of the electromagnetic field. The second part (Chaps.
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