This book is about the statistical principles behind the design of effective experiments and focuses on the practical needs of applied statisticians and experimenters engaged in design, implementation and analysis. Emphasising the logical principles of statistical design, rather than mathematical calculation, the authors demonstrate how all available information can be used to extract the clearest answers to many questions. The principles are illustrated with a wide range of examples drawn from real experiments in medicine, industry, agriculture and many experimental disciplines. Numerous exercises are given to help the reader practise techniques and to appreciate the difference that good design can make to an experimental research project. Based on Roger Mead's excellent Design of Experiments, this new edition is thoroughly revised and updated to include modern methods relevant to applications in industry, engineering and modern biology. It also contains seven new chapters on contemporary topics, including restricted randomisation and fractional replication.
Written in simple language with relevant examples, this illustrative introductory book presents best practices in experimental design and simple data analysis. Taking a practical and intuitive approach, it only uses mathematical formulae to formalize the methods where necessary and appropriate. The text features extended discussions of examples that include real data sets arising from research. The authors analyze data in detail to illustrate the use of basic formulae for simple examples while using the GenStat statistical package for more complex examples. Each chapter offers instructions on how to obtain the example analyses in GenStat and R.
Artemisinin-based combination treatments (ACTs) are seen as an important tool in the global effort to roll back malaria. With rapidly increasing parasite resistance to chloroquine in many parts of the world, there is greater international recognition of the need for both a different antimalarial and a coordinated malaria treatment strategy to ensure that resistance does not needlessly cut short the useful therapeutic life of any successor drug to chloroquine. The effectiveness of antimalarial drugs is a global public good, of particular value in malarious regions that also are among the most economically impoverished parts of the world. Inappropriate drug use in neighboring countries reduces the incentive of any given country to deploy drug regimens that may be rapidly undermined by resistance originating outside their borders. Therefore, a case can be made for globally coordinated action to protect the effectiveness of these valuable drugs. Translating this case to one for a global subsidy is not straightforward. On the one hand, in the absence of such a subsidy to ensure that ACTs are comparably priced to monotherapies, increasing monotherapy of artemisinin and other antimalarials that would be used along with artemisinin in ACT will hasten the demise of this drug. On the other hand, a global subsidy would greatly increase the use and potential misuse of ACTs and could result in resistance emerging at a more rapid rate. This study finds that a subsidy to ACTs is likely to slow the rate of emergence of resistance to artemisinin and partner drugs, even if such a subsidy were to increase the use of ACTs significantly. This conclusion is robust to alternative assumptions regarding the responsiveness of demand to the lower price for ACTs and a wide range of epidemiological and economic parameters. However, the simulation results show that a subsidy for two or more ACT combinations is likely to be much more cost-effective than a subsidy to a single ACT. The only consideration is that the drugs used as partners to artemisinin be unrelated to each other and to artemisinin in mechanism of action and in genetic bases of resistance, so that a single mutation cannot encode resistance to both components. Such a subsidy program for ACTs, administered globally, that reduces reliance on any single combination, and discourages monotherapy, not only of artemisinin but of any effective antimalarial that could potentially be used as partner drug with artemisinin, is likely to be effective (and cost-effective) both in buying time for ACTs and in saving lives "--World Bank web site.
When the nation calls to exercise military force in support of a Major Combat Operation (MCO) campaign, the Department of Defense is required to open a theater of operations. Since the majority of troop deployments and materiel movements occur in support of the U.S. Army, the headquarters of choice to serve as the joint force commander and supported by USTRANSCOM to orchestrate and synchronize theater opening and theater distribution operation is the U.S. Corps Headquarters or the Operational Command Post (OCP) from an Army Service Component Command (ASCC). The G4 for both the U.S. Corps and the ASCC OCP is a colonel. Should the combatant commander direct the Army service component to form a Joint Force Headquarters (JFC), either a Joint Task Force (JTF) or a Joint Force Component Command (JFLCC), and conduct theater opening, how well prepared is the logistics colonel to plan, execute and control the logistics portion of the Expeditionary Theater Opening (ETO) and theater distribution (TD) operation. The most critical component to ETO and TD is the strategic-to-operational seam. Covering this seam are four U.S. Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM) deployment and distribution capabilities. These capabilities include the Joint Task Force Port Opening (JTF-PO), the Joint Deployment and Distribution Operation Center (JDDOC), the Director Mobility Forces-Air (DIRMOBFOR-A), and the Director Mobility Forces-Surface (DIRMOBFOR-S). This monograph employed the Chairman of the Joints Chief of Staff (CJCS) joint learning continuum to help answer this preparedness question. In the context of the four USTRANCOM capabilities, and through the lens of the U.S. Army logistics colonel, assessed was the completeness of joint doctrine, U.S. Army Joint Professional Military Education (JPME), joint assignment opportunities, and performance during the U.S. Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM)-led and U.S. Army Battle Command Training Program (BCTP) simulation exercise. The study identified much latency with keeping joint doctrine and U.S Army JPME institutions up-to-date, and insufficient joint assignment opportunities for senior Army logisticians to acquire joint experience. Nonetheless, actual senior logistician performance during the BCTP exercises involving ETO and TD was rather positive. Findings conclude that U.S. senior Army logisticians are trained in joint matters and are mission ready, and that both USTRANSCOM and USJFCOM are working together to ensure the strategic-to-operational logistics seam is adequately documented in support of individual and collective training events. To improve senior U.S. Army logistician preparedness to execute ETO and TD operations, study recommendations target incremental enhancements to the CJCS joint learning continuum. The education, training, and experience enhancements include various modifications to joint doctrine and the Universal Joint Task List (UJTL), changes to joint assignment policies and strategies, and more extensive incorporation of USJFCOM training capabilities in unit BCTP preparation.
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